Lecture 53

Question 1

Tissue specific mechanisms for expression of genes include ____ of the 5’ end of Cytosine residues, expression of tissue-specific ____ factors, and side chain modification of nuclear proteins including phosphorylation and ____ of histone proteins.

Answer 1

Include METHYLATION of 5’ end of Cystine residues, expression of tissue-specific TRANSCRIPTION factors, and side chain modification of nuclear proteins, including phosphprylation and ACETYLATION of histone proteins.

Question 2

_____ is a glycoprotein produced by the kidney, which is a major regulator of erythropoeisis.

Answer 2

ERYTHROPOETIN

Question 3

The first ______ and activation of vitamin D occurs in the kidney.

Answer 3

The first HYDROXYLATION of vit D occurs in the kidney.

Question 4

About half of all kidney stones contain ____ oxalate.

Answer 4

CALCIUM

Question 5

____ acid stones are common in gout.

Answer 5

URIC

Question 6

The liver deaminates amino acids and converts _____ to urea. Issues with the Liver can cause hyper____ and hepatic _______.

Answer 6

Converts AMMONIA to urea. Issues with the liver can cause HYPERAMMONEMIA and hepatic ENCEPHALOPATHY.

Question 7

Important constituents of bile include _____ diglucuronide and bile salts.

Answer 7

BILIRUBIN

Question 8

Gall stones consist mainly of ____ and bilirubin.

Answer 8

CHOLESTEROL

Question 9

Phase 1 of drug metabolism in liver primarily involves ______ P450s in the ER, whereas phase 2 involves conjugation reactions with _____ and ______ acid.

Answer 9

Phase 1 primarily involces CYTOCHROME P450s in the ER, whereas phase 2 involves conjugation reactions with SULFATE and GLUCURONIC acid.

Question 10

_____ aminotransferase is more characteristic of the liver than _____ aminotransferase. A high ratio indicates liver damage.

Answer 10

ALANINE aminotransferase is more characteristic of the liver than ASPARTATE aminotransferase. A high ratio indicates liver damage.

Question 11

Gamma _____ _____ is a sensitive enzyme, meaning its levels can increase without liver damage.

Answer 11

Gamma GLUTAMYL TRANSPEPTIDASE

Question 12

Less _____ of Cholesterol indicates liver dysfunction.

Answer 12

ESTERIFICATION

Question 13

Conjugation of benzoate with _____ decreases with liver dysfunction, so less ____ is formed/excreted.

Answer 13

Conjugation of benzoate with GLYCINE decreases, so less HIPPURATE is formed/excreted.

Question 14

All ____ (serum protein) is made in the liver, but not all globulins, so the ____:globulin ratio will change with hepatic dysfunction.

Answer 14

ALBUMIN

Question 15

_____ = thick muscle filament and _____ = thin filament.

Answer 15

MYOSIN = thick filament and ACTIN = thin filament.

Question 16

In muscle contraction, ____ binds to the C unit of _____, causing a conformational change in _____, revealing binding sites on _____. When ____ is bound to _____, it is in its relaxed state and can bind _____. During the power stroke, ____ dissociates from ____, which moves to its contracted form. ATP then binds the _____ head, causing it to release _____, and ATP undergoes hydrolysis to form ____, returning _____ to its relaxed state so the cycle can continue.

Answer 16

In muscle contraction, CALCIUM binds the C unit of TROPONIN, causing a conformational change in TROPOMYOSIN, revealing binding sites on ACTIN. When ADP is bound to MYOSIN, it is in its relaxed state and can bind ACTIN. During the power stroke, ADP dissociates from MYOSIN, which moves to its contracted form. ATP then binds the MYOSIN head, causing it to release ACTIN, and ATP undergoes hydrolysis to form ADP, returning MYOSIN to its relxed state.

Question 17

In smooth muscle, there is no _____, so Calcium increases contraction by activating a calcium-_____ sensitive myosin light chain kinase.

Answer 17

There is no TROPONIN, so Calcium increases contraction by activating a calcium-CALMODULIN sensitive myosin light chain kinase.

Question 18

Short term sources of ATP include: Creatine ____ catalyzed reaction of Creatine ____ + ADP –> creatine + ATP and _____ kinase catalyzed reaction of 2ADP –> ATP + AMP.

Answer 18

Creatine KINASE catalyzed reaction of Creatine Phosphate + ADP –> Creatine + ATP and ADENYLATE kinase catalyzed reaction of 2ADP –> ATP + AMP

Question 19

_____ is very important in fast twitch muscle whereas _____ oxidative metabolim is more important in slow twitch (for sustained activity.)

Answer 19

GLYCOLYSIS important in fast, MITOCHONDRIAL oxidative metabolism important in slow.

Question 20

In ____ ____ muscular dystrophy, there is wasting of muscles proximal to the shoulders and pelvis. Mutations in several different genes on different chromosomes can cause this phenotype with most showing a(n) ______ recessive mode of inheritance, though some are _____ dominant. Among the genes that cause ____ ____ muscular dystrophy are genes for _____ and _____ (transmembrane proteins and calcium activated proteases respectively.)

Answer 20

In LIMB GIRDLE muscular dystrophy, there is wasting of muscles proximal to the shoulders and pelvis. Mutations in several different genes on different chromosomes can cause this phenotype, with most showing an AUTOSOMAL recessive mode of inheritance, though some are AUTOSOMAL dominant. Among the genes that cause LIMB GIRDLE muscular dystrophy are genes for SARCOGLYCAN and CALPAIN.