Lecture 38

Question 1

______ reactions of triglycerides provide the breakdown products - fatty acids and glycerol.

Answer 1

HYDROLYSIS reactions

Question 2

Both Brown and Beige fat are known to be ________, increase _______ sensitivity (decrease diabetes), decrease inflammation and decrease ________ disorders.

Answer 2

Known to be THERMOGENIC , increase INSULIN sensitivity, decrease inflammation and decrease METABOLIC disorders.

Question 3

Pancreatic _____ breaks down triglycerides to _____ and _____/_____in the gut lumen so they may cross the cell membrane and enter into intestinal enterocytes.

Answer 3

Pancreatic LIPASE breaks down triglycerides to FATTY ACIDS and MONO/DIACYLGLYCEROL.

Question 4

_____ is a drug that inhibits pancreatic lipase. This makes it so triglycerides are not metabolized or absorbed, and can thus be excreted.

Answer 4

Orlistat

Question 5

____ is the enzyme that re-synthesizes triglycerides in the enterocytes. ____ is a drug that inhibits this enzyme.

Answer 5

DGAT re-synthesizes triglycerides in the enterocytes. LOVAZA is a drug that inhibits DGAT.

Question 6

____ chain fatty acids have < 6 Carbons, ____ chain have 6-12, and ____ chain have > 12.

Answer 6

Short chain have < 6, MEDIUM chain have 6-12, and LONG chain have > 12.

Question 7

______ acid (an omega-6 fatty acid) is an essential fatty acid that we must obtain from our diet. It is the precursor to all omega-6 fatty acids, including ______ acid, which is required for prostaglandin synthesis.

Answer 7

LINOLEIC acid is the precursor for all omega-6 fatty acids, including ARACHIDONIC acid, which is required for prostaglandin synthesis.

Question 8

_____ acid is the precursor to all omega-3 fatty acids.

Answer 8

LINOLENIC acid

Question 9

____ and ____ chain fatty acids (which can be produced from dietary fiber by bacteria in the colon) are directly absorbed into the blood where they must be bound to ____ for transport. _____ chain fatty acids on the other hand must be packaged into _____ protein particles for transport in the blood.

Answer 9

SHORT and MEDIUM chain fatty acids are directly absorbed into the blood and must be bound to ALBUMIN. LONG chain fatty acids on the other hand must be packaged into LIPOproteins.

Question 10

Lipogenesis occurs primarily in the _____, and requires _____ and NADPH, as well as ______ as a carbon source.

Answer 10

Occurs primarily in the LIVER, and requires ATP and NADPH, as well as ACETYL CoA as a carbon source.

Question 11

Fatty acid synthesis requires Acetyl CoA and _____ CoA.

Answer 11

MALONYL

Question 12

Acetyl CoA is produced in the _____ matrix, and is transported to the _____ via the _____ shuttle. This converts acetyl CoA to _____ (which can pass the mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol) via the enzyme _____. In the cytosol, ______ is converted back to Acetyl CoA via the enzyme ______ (ATP dependent.)

Answer 12

Produced in the MITOCHONDRIAL matrix, and is transported to the CYTOSOL via the CITRATE shuttle. This converts Acetyl CoA to CITRATE via the enzyme CITRATE SYNTHASE. In the cytosol, CITRATE is converted back to Acetyl CoA via the enzyme ATP-CITRATE LYASE.

Question 13

Acetyl CoA is carboxylated to form ______ CoA by Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), which is the rate limiting step in fatty acid synthesis and is ATP dependent and requires _____ as a cofactor.

Answer 13

To for MALONYL CoA. Requires BIOTIN as a cofactor.