Lecture Notes 1-4 Flashcards
What is the anatomic position?
Body erect, feet together, arms at side with palms forward
Which anatomical plane is vertical and passes longitudinally through the body, dividing it into EQUAL right and left haves.
Median (mid-sagittal) Plane
Which anatomical planes is vertical and passes through the body PARALLEL to median plane, dividing it into UNEQUAL right and left halves?
Sagittal Plane
Which anatomic plane is vertical and pass through body at right angles to median plane, dividing body into front (anterior) and back (posterior)?
Coronal (frontal) Plane
Which anatomic plane passes through the body at right angles median and coronal planes, dividing it into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions?
Horizontal (transverse) Plane
Skin is ___ to muscle, which are ____ to the skin
Skin is SUPERFICIAL to muscles, which are DEEP to the skin
The ulna is on the ___ side of the forearm while the radius is ____
The ulna is on the MEDIAL side of the forearm while the radius is LATERAL
The sternum is ___ to the heart, which is ____
The sternum is ANTERIOR to the heart, which is POSTERIOR
The ankle is ____ to the hip
The ankle is DISTAL/INFERIOR to the hip
The humerus is ____ to radius, which is ____
The humerus is PROXIMAL to the radius, which is DISTAL
The thumb is ____ to the pinky
The thumb is LATERAL to the pinky
What plane does abduction and adduction occur in?
Coronal plane
____: moving a body part closer to the median plane
_____: moving the body part away from the median plane
Adduction: moving a body part closer to the median plane
Abduction: moving the body part away from the median plane
______: brings anterior surface closer to the median plane
______: brings anterior surface farther from median plane
Medial (Internal) Rotation: brings anterior surface closer to the median plane
Lateral (External) Rotation: brings anterior surface farther from median plane
___: a bending action that decreases the angle between two body parts
___ : a straightening action that increases the angle between two body parts
Flexion: a bending action that decreases the angle between two body parts
Extension: a straightening action that increases the angle between two body parts
The head, neck, and trunk make up the ____ limbs while the shoulders and pelvis make up the ____
axial; appendicular
What are the four primary tissue?
1) Nervous
2) Muscle
3) Connective tissue
4) Epithelial
Match primary tissue to function
A. ____ - Lines cavities and organs
B. _____ -Provides support
C. _____ - Movement
D. ____ -Control and communication
A. Epithelial - Lines cavities and organs
B. Connective -Provides support
C. Muscle - Movement
D. Nervous -Control and communication
Which primary tissues has a role in protecting, absorbing, secreting, excretion and digestion?
Epithelium
What do primary tissues combine to form?
Organs
Which type of epithelium is
consists of closely aggregated cells with minimal ECM, tightly bound by junctions?
Epithelium proper
What does epithelium lie on top of and rely on for nutrients diffusion and to connect it to underlying connective tissue?
Basal lamina
What two criteria are epithelium proper classified by?
Cell shape and layering
Shape: cuboidal, columnar, squamous
Layering: simple, stratified, pseudostratified
___: one layer of cells, but cells can be of different shapes and sizes and nuclei appear distributed across different levels
Pseudostratified
True or False: Cell activity increases as height of individual cell increases
True
How are stratified epithelium classified?
By shape of cells on free surface of epithelium
Which type of epithelium lines body cavities (mesothelium) and blood vessels (endothelium)?
Simple squamous
Which type of epithelium forms secretory units and lines ducts?
Simple cuboidal
Which type of epithelium is absorptive or secretory?
Simple columnar
Which epithelium are frequently ciliated and located in respiratory or urinary tract?
Pseudostratified columnar
Which type of epithelium may be keratinized or non-keratinized?
Stratified squamous
What shape are the basal cells of stratified squamous? Which layer has mitotic activity? Which layer is site of cellular differentiation?
Basal cells of stratified squamous are cuboidal. Basal layer is layer of cellular differentiation while the middle layers of site of cellular differentiation.
What type of epithelium is found at the junction between stratified squamous and pseudostratified columnar epithelia?
Stratified columnar
True or False: Stratified cuboidal epithelia is found in some ducts
True
Which type of epithelium commonly lines distensible organs (e.g the bladder)?
Transitional epithelium
In which state are transitional cells with puffy, dome shaped cells, that bulge into the lumen?
Relaxed state
What cells are found in the basal and surface layer of transitional cells in the distended state?
Basal Layer: Cuboidal
Surface Layer: Squamous
Which type of stratified epithelium is located in the testes only and is involved in sperm production?
Germinal epithelium
Are epithelial cells polar or non-polar?
Polar
What two features do epithelial cells have on their apical layer to aid in fluid transport/absorption AND motiltiy?
1) Microvilli: fluid transport and absorption
2) Cilia: motile, to move substances on surface
Which domain in the epithelium is in contact with adjacent cells to maintain wall structure?
Lateral Domain
What junctional complexes are found on the lateral domain of epithelial cells?
1) Zonula occludens
2) Zonula adherens
3) Macula adherens
What primary tissue forms glands?
Epithelial Tissue
What is an example of unicellular exocrine glands?
Goblet cells of the gut
Which lacks ducts: endocrine or exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands
What type of exocrine glands can form a sheet of cells secreting into a common lumen (as in the stomach) and may have secretory units that secrete into a duct system?
Multicellular
What types of secretory products can be made in exocrine glands?
1) Mucous: thick, viscous
2) Serous: watery
3) Mixed: mucous + serous
What three modes of secretion are found in secretory cells of exocrine glands?
1) Merocrine: secretory product is released via exocytosis
2) Apocrine: secretory product released, along with portion of apical cytoplasma and plasmalemma
3) Holocrine: whole cell is secretory product
Which primary tissue is primarily made of ground substance and fibers?
Connective tissue
What primary tissue supports bones, cartilage, and tendons?
Connective Tissue
Which primary tissue stores fat and protects against physical and immunological harm?
Connective Tissue
Which primary tissue surrounds organs and divides (septa) them into smaller functional units?
Connective Tissue
____: material between cells
____: includes tissue fluids and other substances (glycoaminoglycans and glycoproteins)
ECM: material between cells
Ground Substance: includes tissue fluids and other substances (glycoaminoglycans and glycoproteins)
_____: formed as filtrate of blood plasma by hydrostatic pressure
Tissue Fluid
How does tissue fluid return to blood?
Osmotic pressure and lymph system
What provides a medium for transport of material from blood to cells and waste from cells to blood?
Tissue Fluid
What are the most abundant connective tissue fibers?
Collagen Fibers
What are the three types of connective tissue fibers?
1) Collagen
2) Elastic
3) Reticular
What type of connective tissue fibers largely make up tendons and ligaments?
Collagen
Which connective tissue fibers form a fine network around muscle, nerve, and fat cells?
Reticular Fibers
Which connective tissue fibers are described as long, thin, branching networks?
Elastin Fibers
What cells create produce ground substance and deposit fibers into it?
Connective Tissue cells
Are cells that end with -blast immature or mature?
Are cells that end with -cyte immature or mature?
- blast = immature
- cyte - mature
At what stage are connective tissue cells actively make ECM?
At what stage are connective tissue cells surrounded and locked inside their own matrix and are less active in replacing ECM?
Immature Stage
Mature Stage
What are the type types of connective tissue proper?
1) Loose
2) Dense
What are the two type of dense connective tissue?
1) Dense Regular
2) Dense Irregular
What type of dense collective tissue contains collagen fibers that are arranged in many different directions, thus increasing resistance to stretching and distension?
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Where is dense irregular connective tissue located?
Dermis and submucosa of hollow organs
What is the main functional component of tendons and ligaments?
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Which type of dense connective tissue has collagen fibers that are tightly packed in parallel bundles?
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
True or False: Adipose, Bone, Cartilage, and Blood are specialized connective tissue
True
What are chondrocytes?
Cartilage cells
What are the three types of cartilage?
1) Hyaline
2) Elastic
3) Fibrocartilage
What is the most prevalent type of cartilage?
Hyaline
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
-Ribs
-Nose
-Respiratory system
-Synovial Joints
How is elastic cartilage unlike hyaline?
Elastic cartilage has both elastic and collagen fibers in the matrix while hyaline primary has collagen fibers
Where is fibrocartilage located?
A. synovial joints
B. intervertebral discs and public symphysis
C. axial skeleton
D. parietal bone
B. intervertebral discs and public symphysis
True or False: Bone is heavier than cartilage, as well as more rigid and resistance
True
What makes bone hard?
Deposition of inorganic salts of calcium and phosphate
____: the outer osteogenic layer of bone
periosteum
True or False: Bone is avascular
False - bone is vascular
What are the two types of bone?
1) Compact
2) Cancellous/spongy
Compact bone is associated with ____ while spongy bone is associated with ___
osteons; trabeculae
True or False: All bones have an outer shell of compact bone
True
True or False: Inside of bone contains either spongy bone or red marrow
True
____: information in one neuron is then relayed to one or more neurons through synapses
Transmission
____: the electrical potential changes can be spread or propagated throughout neuron via AP
Conductivity
____: neurons respond to chemical/physical stimuli
Excitability/irritability
What cells physically, metabolically, and electrically support neurons, as well as have a phagocytic function?
Glial cells
Where are Nissl substances found? What do they indicate?
Soma of neuron (ribosomes); indicate metabolically active cell
What is the afferent part of the neuron?
Dendrite
Which are more common: electrical or chemical synapses?
Chemical synapses
____: site where neural signals are transmitted to another neuron or muscle
Terminal endings
True or False: synaptic vesicles fuse with plasmalemma and NT is exocytosed
True
What is the most common neuron?
Multi-polar neuron
(1 axon + two or more dendrites)
Where are bipolar neurons found?
Special senses (vision, hearing, etc)
Where does the afferent/receptive end of pseudounipolar neurons extend to?
Where does the efferent portion extend to?
Periphery (skin); CNS where synaptic terminal is
What type of neurons are located in the rods and cones in retina and lacks dendrites?
Unipolar neurons
The ANS is responsible for innervation of what three structures?
1) smooth muscle
2) cardiac muscle
3) glandular epithelium
___: groups of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS
Ganglia
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
What type of muscle is attached by tendons/aponeuroses by a connective tissue layer (epimysium)?
Skeletal muscle
The muscle belly can be subdivided into smaller units called ___
fascicles
Each fascicle is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called ___
perimysium
Each fascicle is formed by a bundle of muscle cells, which are surrounded by layer of connective tissue called ______
endomysium
Are muscle fibers multi-nucleated or uni-nucleated? Where are nuclei located?
multi; periphery
Muscle fibers are made up of ___, which are formed by sarcomeres
Myofibril
True or False: Myofibrils
