Lecture Notes 1-4 Flashcards by Katlyn Heneghan

What is the anatomic position?

Body erect, feet together, arms at side with palms forward

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Which anatomical plane is vertical and passes longitudinally through the body, dividing it into EQUAL right and left haves.

Median (mid-sagittal) Plane

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Which anatomical planes is vertical and passes through the body PARALLEL to median plane, dividing it into UNEQUAL right and left halves?

Sagittal Plane

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Which anatomic plane is vertical and pass through body at right angles to median plane, dividing body into front (anterior) and back (posterior)?

Coronal (frontal) Plane

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Which anatomic plane passes through the body at right angles median and coronal planes, dividing it into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions?

Horizontal (transverse) Plane

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Skin is ___ to muscle, which are ____ to the skin

Skin is SUPERFICIAL to muscles, which are DEEP to the skin

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The ulna is on the ___ side of the forearm while the radius is ____

The ulna is on the MEDIAL side of the forearm while the radius is LATERAL

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The sternum is ___ to the heart, which is ____

The sternum is ANTERIOR to the heart, which is POSTERIOR

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The ankle is ____ to the hip

The ankle is DISTAL/INFERIOR to the hip

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The humerus is ____ to radius, which is ____

The humerus is PROXIMAL to the radius, which is DISTAL

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The thumb is ____ to the pinky

The thumb is LATERAL to the pinky

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What plane does abduction and adduction occur in?

Coronal plane

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____: moving a body part closer to the median plane

_____: moving the body part away from the median plane

Adduction: moving a body part closer to the median plane

Abduction: moving the body part away from the median plane

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______: brings anterior surface closer to the median plane

______: brings anterior surface farther from median plane

Medial (Internal) Rotation: brings anterior surface closer to the median plane

Lateral (External) Rotation: brings anterior surface farther from median plane

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___: a bending action that decreases the angle between two body parts

___ : a straightening action that increases the angle between two body parts

Flexion: a bending action that decreases the angle between two body parts

Extension: a straightening action that increases the angle between two body parts

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The head, neck, and trunk make up the ____ limbs while the shoulders and pelvis make up the ____

axial; appendicular

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What are the four primary tissue?

1) Nervous
2) Muscle
3) Connective tissue
4) Epithelial

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Match primary tissue to function

A. ____ - Lines cavities and organs
B. _____ -Provides support
C. _____ - Movement
D. ____ -Control and communication

A. Epithelial - Lines cavities and organs
B. Connective -Provides support
C. Muscle - Movement
D. Nervous -Control and communication

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Which primary tissues has a role in protecting, absorbing, secreting, excretion and digestion?

Epithelium

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What do primary tissues combine to form?

Organs

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Which type of epithelium is
consists of closely aggregated cells with minimal ECM, tightly bound by junctions?

Epithelium proper

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What does epithelium lie on top of and rely on for nutrients diffusion and to connect it to underlying connective tissue?

Basal lamina

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What two criteria are epithelium proper classified by?

Cell shape and layering Shape: cuboidal, columnar, squamous Layering: simple, stratified, pseudostratified

___: one layer of cells, but cells can be of different shapes and sizes and nuclei appear distributed across different levels

Pseudostratified

True or False: Cell activity increases as height of individual cell increases

True

How are stratified epithelium classified?

By shape of cells on free surface of epithelium

Which type of epithelium lines body cavities (mesothelium) and blood vessels (endothelium)?

Simple squamous

Which type of epithelium forms secretory units and lines ducts?

Simple cuboidal

Which type of epithelium is absorptive or secretory?

Simple columnar

Which epithelium are frequently ciliated and located in respiratory or urinary tract?

Pseudostratified columnar

Which type of epithelium may be keratinized or non-keratinized?

Stratified squamous

What shape are the basal cells of stratified squamous? Which layer has mitotic activity? Which layer is site of cellular differentiation?

Basal cells of stratified squamous are cuboidal. Basal layer is layer of cellular differentiation while the middle layers of site of cellular differentiation.

What type of epithelium is found at the junction between stratified squamous and pseudostratified columnar epithelia?

Stratified columnar

True or False: Stratified cuboidal epithelia is found in some ducts

True

Which type of epithelium commonly lines distensible organs (e.g the bladder)?

Transitional epithelium

In which state are transitional cells with puffy, dome shaped cells, that bulge into the lumen?

Relaxed state

What cells are found in the basal and surface layer of transitional cells in the distended state?

Basal Layer: Cuboidal Surface Layer: Squamous

Which type of stratified epithelium is located in the testes only and is involved in sperm production?

Germinal epithelium

Are epithelial cells polar or non-polar?

Polar

What two features do epithelial cells have on their apical layer to aid in fluid transport/absorption AND motiltiy?

1) Microvilli: fluid transport and absorption 2) Cilia: motile, to move substances on surface

Which domain in the epithelium is in contact with adjacent cells to maintain wall structure?

Lateral Domain

What junctional complexes are found on the lateral domain of epithelial cells?

1) Zonula occludens 2) Zonula adherens 3) Macula adherens

What primary tissue forms glands?

Epithelial Tissue

What is an example of unicellular exocrine glands?

Goblet cells of the gut

Which lacks ducts: endocrine or exocrine glands?

Endocrine glands

What type of exocrine glands can form a sheet of cells secreting into a common lumen (as in the stomach) and may have secretory units that secrete into a duct system?

Multicellular

What types of secretory products can be made in exocrine glands?

1) Mucous: thick, viscous 2) Serous: watery 3) Mixed: mucous + serous

What three modes of secretion are found in secretory cells of exocrine glands?

1) Merocrine: secretory product is released via exocytosis 2) Apocrine: secretory product released, along with portion of apical cytoplasma and plasmalemma 3) Holocrine: whole cell is secretory product

Which primary tissue is primarily made of ground substance and fibers?

Connective tissue

What primary tissue supports bones, cartilage, and tendons?

Connective Tissue

Which primary tissue stores fat and protects against physical and immunological harm?

Connective Tissue

Which primary tissue surrounds organs and divides (septa) them into smaller functional units?

Connective Tissue

____: material between cells ____: includes tissue fluids and other substances (glycoaminoglycans and glycoproteins)

ECM: material between cells Ground Substance: includes tissue fluids and other substances (glycoaminoglycans and glycoproteins)

_____: formed as filtrate of blood plasma by hydrostatic pressure

Tissue Fluid

How does tissue fluid return to blood?

Osmotic pressure and lymph system

What provides a medium for transport of material from blood to cells and waste from cells to blood?

Tissue Fluid

What are the most abundant connective tissue fibers?

Collagen Fibers

What are the three types of connective tissue fibers?

1) Collagen 2) Elastic 3) Reticular

What type of connective tissue fibers largely make up tendons and ligaments?

Collagen

Which connective tissue fibers form a fine network around muscle, nerve, and fat cells?

Reticular Fibers

Which connective tissue fibers are described as long, thin, branching networks?

Elastin Fibers

What cells create produce ground substance and deposit fibers into it?

Connective Tissue cells

Are cells that end with -blast immature or mature? Are cells that end with -cyte immature or mature?

- blast = immature - cyte - mature

At what stage are connective tissue cells actively make ECM? At what stage are connective tissue cells surrounded and locked inside their own matrix and are less active in replacing ECM?

Immature Stage Mature Stage

What are the type types of connective tissue proper?

1) Loose 2) Dense

What are the two type of dense connective tissue?

1) Dense Regular 2) Dense Irregular

What type of dense collective tissue contains collagen fibers that are arranged in many different directions, thus increasing resistance to stretching and distension?

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Where is dense irregular connective tissue located?

Dermis and submucosa of hollow organs

What is the main functional component of tendons and ligaments?

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Which type of dense connective tissue has collagen fibers that are tightly packed in parallel bundles?

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

True or False: Adipose, Bone, Cartilage, and Blood are specialized connective tissue

True

What are chondrocytes?

Cartilage cells

What are the three types of cartilage?

1) Hyaline 2) Elastic 3) Fibrocartilage

What is the most prevalent type of cartilage?

Hyaline

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

-Ribs -Nose -Respiratory system -Synovial Joints

How is elastic cartilage unlike hyaline?

Elastic cartilage has both elastic and collagen fibers in the matrix while hyaline primary has collagen fibers

Where is fibrocartilage located? A. synovial joints B. intervertebral discs and public symphysis C. axial skeleton D. parietal bone

B. intervertebral discs and public symphysis

True or False: Bone is heavier than cartilage, as well as more rigid and resistance

True

What makes bone hard?

Deposition of inorganic salts of calcium and phosphate

____: the outer osteogenic layer of bone

periosteum

True or False: Bone is avascular

False - bone is vascular

What are the two types of bone?

1) Compact 2) Cancellous/spongy

Compact bone is associated with ____ while spongy bone is associated with ___

osteons; trabeculae

True or False: All bones have an outer shell of compact bone

True

True or False: Inside of bone contains either spongy bone or red marrow

True

____: information in one neuron is then relayed to one or more neurons through synapses

Transmission

____: the electrical potential changes can be spread or propagated throughout neuron via AP

Conductivity

____: neurons respond to chemical/physical stimuli

Excitability/irritability

What cells physically, metabolically, and electrically support neurons, as well as have a phagocytic function?

Glial cells

Where are Nissl substances found? What do they indicate?

Soma of neuron (ribosomes); indicate metabolically active cell

What is the afferent part of the neuron?

Dendrite

Which are more common: electrical or chemical synapses?

Chemical synapses

____: site where neural signals are transmitted to another neuron or muscle

Terminal endings

True or False: synaptic vesicles fuse with plasmalemma and NT is exocytosed

True

What is the most common neuron?

Multi-polar neuron (1 axon + two or more dendrites)

Where are bipolar neurons found?

Special senses (vision, hearing, etc)

Where does the afferent/receptive end of pseudounipolar neurons extend to? Where does the efferent portion extend to?

Periphery (skin); CNS where synaptic terminal is

What type of neurons are located in the rods and cones in retina and lacks dendrites?

Unipolar neurons

The ANS is responsible for innervation of what three structures?

1) smooth muscle 2) cardiac muscle 3) glandular epithelium

___: groups of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS

Ganglia

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

31 pairs

What type of muscle is attached by tendons/aponeuroses by a connective tissue layer (epimysium)?

Skeletal muscle

The muscle belly can be subdivided into smaller units called ___

fascicles

Each fascicle is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called ___

perimysium

Each fascicle is formed by a bundle of muscle cells, which are surrounded by layer of connective tissue called ______

endomysium

Are muscle fibers multi-nucleated or uni-nucleated? Where are nuclei located?

multi; periphery

Muscle fibers are made up of ___, which are formed by sarcomeres

Myofibril

True or False: Myofibrils