Exam 1 (L1-4) Flashcards
What is the anatomic position?
Body erect, feet together, arms at side with palms forward
Axial or cross-sectional images are view
from the bottom so that the patient’s
right side is on the ____ side of the image
left
The ____ plane is the vertical plane that passes longitudinally through the body, dividing it into EQUAL right and left haves. This is also known as mid-sagittal plane.
Median Plane
____ planes are vertical planes that pass through the body PARALLEL to median plane, dividing it into UNEQUAL right and left halves. Is is also known as _____ planes.
Sagittal Planes; parasagittal planes
____ (frontal) planes are vertical planes that pass through body at right angles to median plane, dividing body into front (anterior) and back (posterior)
Coronal
_____ planes pass through the body at right angles median and coronal planes, dividing it into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions
Horizontal (transverse) planes
Skin is ___ to muscle, which is ____ to the skin
Skin is SUPERFICIAL to muscles, which are DEEP to the skin
The ulna is on the ___ side of the forearm while the radius is ____
The ulna is on the MEDIAL side of the forearm while the radius is LATERAL
The sternum is ___ to the heart, which is ____
The sternum is ANTERIOR to the heart, which is POSTERIOR
Lungs are ___ to the diaphragm, which is _____
Lungs are ___ to the diaphragm, which is _____
The humerus is ____ to radius, which is ____
The humerus is PROXIMAL to the radius, which is DISTAL
___ is a bending action that DECREASES angle between two body parts, while ___ is a straightening action that increases the angle between two body parts
Flexion; Extension
Abduction and Adduction occur in the __ plane
Coronal
___ refers to moving a body part AWAY from median axis in the coronal plane. ___ is moving a body part closer to the median plane.
Abduction refers to moving a body part AWAY from median axis in the coronal plane. Adduction is moving a body part closer to the median plane.
_____ is turning or revolving a part of the body about its longitudinal axis
Rotation
What type of rotation brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane?
Medial (internal) rotation
What type of rotation takes the anterior surface away from the median plane?
Lateral (external) rotation
___ is the rotation of the hand and forearm about its longitudinal axis so that palm faces anteriorly (e.g how you carry bowl of soup)
Supination
____ involves rotation of the hand and forearm so that palm faces posteriorly
Pronation
____is a circulation movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
Circumduction
____ moves sole of foot away from midline (raise lateral side) while ____ moves sole of the foot towards the midline (raise medial side of foot)
Eversion; Inversion
_____(protraction) moves a structure anteriorly while ____(retraction) moves a structure posteriorly
Protrusion; Retrusion
The trunk is composed of ___, ____, and ___
Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
An epithelium lies on a ____, which is a specialized structure found underlying the basal surface of an epithelium.
basal lamina
What are the two primary roles of basal lamina?
1) Allow for nutrients to diffuse into epithelium
2) connects epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue
Stratified epithelium is classified by the shape of the cells on the _____ surface of the epithelium
free surface
How many layers do pseudostratified epithelium have?
One
True or False: As height of individual cell increases, so does cell activity
True
What type of epithelium lines cavities (endothelium) or body cavities (mesothelium)?
Simple squamous
What type of epithelia is a secretory type of epithelium and lines ducts?
Simple cuboidal (secretory units can have pyramidal or square cells)
What type of epithelia is an absorptive or secretory epithelium?
Simple columnar
What type of epithelium is found in respiratory and urinary system? What features does it have that allows it to work well at these sites?
Pseudostratified columnar
It usually has cillia
In stratified squamous, the basal cells are ___ and have ___ activity, while the middle layers are the site of _______
cuboidal; mitotic activity; cellular differentiation
Which epithelium can be keratinized?
Stratified squamous
Which epithelium is found at the junction between stratified squamous and pseudostratified columnar?
Stratified columnar
Where is transitional epithelium found?
Bladder
Transitional epithelium that has surface cells that bulge into the lumen (umbrella cells) are in what state?
Relaxed state
Transitional epithelium in the distended state have basal layer containing ___ cells and a surface layer containing ____
cuboidal; squamous
What epithelium is stratified, found only in the testes, and is involved in production of sperm?
Germinal Epithelium
Where are stamina cells of stratified epithelium located? Where are more differentiated cells located?
Basal lamina ; closer to surface
True or False: Epithelium can be used to form glands (exocrine and endocrine)
True
What type of glands maintain a connection to the surface (duct) to reverse product into lumen of lining cavity?
Exocrine glands
What type of glands detach from surface and reverse products into bloodstream?
Endocrine glands
True or False: Epithelium is avascular and polar
True
What structures can exist on apical cell surface of epithelial cells?
1) Microvilli
2) Stereocilia
3) Cilia
Of these (Microvilli, Stereocilia, Cilia) which are motile? Non motile?
Motile: Cilia
How are microvilli and sterocilia, often found on apical surface of epithelia, similar?
Increase SA and non-motile
Three types of junctions on lateral and basal surface of epithelium?
1) Occluding: Prevents flow of materials/leaking
2) Anchorin: Site of adhesion
3) Gap: Allow exchange of small molecules (ca/cAMP)
Epithelium covers external surfaces, such as ____; it lines cavity of body IN communication with external surface (____); and it lines cavities NOT in communication with external surface (endothelium/mesothelium)
epidermis; mucosa
What type of epithelium is likely found in lining of intestine and is important for absorption?
Simple columnar epithelium
Name these epithelial cells:
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Simple pseudostratified
Name these epithelial cells:
Non-keratinized and keratinized stratified squamous
Stratified Cuboidal
Transitional (stratified epithelia)
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Transitional stratified epithelium
-Umbrella cells stretch and flatten
Exocrine glands can be unicellular glands or multicellular. What is an example of one cell glands, as pictured?
Goblet cells of the gut/small intestine
Where are multicellular glands commonly found?
Stomach lining
One major difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands lack ducts
Three modes of secretion in secretory cells of exocrine glands?
1) Holocrine: whole cell is the secretory product
2) Apocrine: secretory product and part of apical cytoplasms and plasmalemma is released
3) Merocrine: secretory product released via exocytosis
Three types of exocrine gland secretory products?
1) Mucous: thick, water soluble
2) Serous: watery
3) Mixed secretory units: mucous and serous
Exocrine glands are composed of ___ and ___
duct and secretory unit
Three shapes of exocrine gland secretory units?
1) Tube shaped
2) Sac like
3) Tube shaped with dilated end
Simple ducts do not ___ whereas compound duct structures do
branch
simple tubular ducts (in intestine)
simple tubular ducts (in intestine)
simple branched tubular duct (stomach)
simple branched tubular duct (stomach
Both simple ___ and simple____ are simple duct structures (do not branch)
tubular/branched tubular
Pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid are all examples of what type of glands?
Endocrine glands
“Cells are not contiguous with one another but dispersed in abundant ECM produced by the cell.” What primary tissues is this description describing?
Connective Tissue
Connective tissues is composed of cells + ECM. What is ECM made of?
ECM = protein fibers (collagen, reticular, or elastic) + ground substances (fluid and glycoproteins/glycosamminoglycans)
What cells are found in connective tissue?
fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells, reticular cells, plasma cells
Is Loose (Areolar) CT well vascularized?
YES!
Which CT has much ground substance, little
collagen?
Loose CT
Role of Loose CT?
1) Supports epithelium (lamina propria)
2) Fills space between muscle & nerves, surrounds small blood vessels
Fibro”blasts” are in ____ stage and is actively producing ___ while fibro”cytes” are at ____stage, but are surrounded and locked into own matrix and less active
immature; ECM
mature
Roles of tissue fluid in CT?
1) Medium for transport of materials
2) Returns to blood by osmotic pressure/lymph system
3) excess = edema
___ and ___ are composed of collagen fibers
Tendons and Ligaments
Which CT fibers are most abundant?
Collagen
True or False: Dense Irregular CT is more cellular and flexible than loose CT
False
Dense Irregular CT is LESS cellular and flexible than loose CT
Where is dense irregular CT found?
1) dermis of skin
2) submucosa of digestive tract
Which is more stress resistant: dense irregular CT or loose CT?
Dense Irregular CT
What is the major cell type in Dense Regular CT?
Fibroblast
In which CT do thick collagen fibers run parallel to each other?
Dense Regular CT
Dense Irregular CT
Dense Regular CT
Dense Regular CT
Which dense connective tissue is rich in elastic fibers?
Elastic CT
___ is the model for fetal bone formation and is found in the nose, ear, larynx,
trachea, intervertebral
discs
Cartilage, a specialized connective tissue
True or False: Cartilage supports soft tissues and movable/immovable joints
True
Label the yellow, red, and black
Yellow = Perichondrium
Red = Chondroblasts
Black = Chondrocytes
Three cartilage subtypes?
1) Hyaline
2) Elastic
3) Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage contains ___ fibers. ___ cells product matrix and, when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae
collagen; Chondroblasts
What type of cartilage forms most of the embryonic skeleton, covers end of long bones, found in costal area of ribs/nose/trach/larynx
Hyaline
What fibers are found in the ECM of Elastic Cartilage?
Type II Collagen and Elastin
What type of cartilage is found here?
Elastic
Although elastic cartilage is similar to hyaline, how is it different?
Has more elastic fibers in matrix
Elastin in Elastic Cartilage
Fibers of Collagen I in Fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage is made up of ___ and ___
Type I/II Collagen
What cartilage makes up intervertebral discs?
Fibrocartilage
What type of fibers predominate in fibrocartilage?
Thick collagen fibers
The matrix of fibrocartilage is similar to, but LESS firm than in ___ cartilage
hyaline
True or False: Bone is avascular and metabolically inactive
False - bone is vascular and metabolically active
OB = osteoblasts
O = osteocyte
Cells of CT are responsible fro producing ____ and depositing __ into it
ground substance; fibers
Dense irregular CT has collagen fibers arranged in many different directions. How is this beneficial?
Increases resistance to stretch and distention
True or False: Cartilage is vascular
False - cartilage is avascular
How do chondrocytes get their nutrition?
Simple diffusion
top arrow = osteoid (90% collagen type I)
bottom arrow = bone matrix
Mature bone is organized into ____
osteons
Bone is surrounded on its outer surface by a membranous later called the ____, which is osteogenic
periosteum
Compact bone is formed by ___ while spongy/cancellous is formed by ____
osteons; trabeculae
True or False: Bone is vascular
True
True or False: All bones have outer shell of compact bone
True
True or False: Inside of a bone contains either spongy bone or marrow
True
True or False: Blood has ground substance (plasma) with no
fibers
True
The pluripotential stem
cell resides in the ______
bone
marrow
________ is also
the precursor of RBC’s and megakaryocytes
Myeloid stem cell
True or False: All neurons are polarized cells that have 1 axon but variable dendrites
True
Properties of neuron?
Excitability
Conductivity
Transmission
____ is the site for functional communication in the nervous system
Synapse
“conduction of impulses is achieved by the release of
chemical substances (neurotransmitters)” What type of synapse?
Chemical
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia belong to what part of the nervous system?
PNS
Which part of the NS are these found in
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
CNS
Schwann and Satellite cells are found in the ___
PNS
Are there more glia or neurons?
Glia outnumber neurons
Most common neuron?
Multipolar Neuron
What neuron has one axon and one dendrite emerging from opposite ends of the soma?
Bipolar neurons
Where are bipolar neurons found?
Special sense
Pseudounipolar neurons have one process on receptive/afferent end that extends to ___ (skin) while the other process (efferent portion) extends to ___ where synaptic terminal is located
periphery; CNS
Autonomic Nervous system is responsible for innervation of what three structures?
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular epithelium
Groups of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS are called ___
ganglia
What type of neurons are only found in rods and cones of retina?
Unipolar
_____ are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS) while ____ are the myelinating cells of the PNS
Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells
What is the structure (black arrow)?
Nodes of Ranvier
Soma of neuron is also known as ___
perikaryon
Nissl substance is visible when staining the ___ of a neuron and indicates metabolically active cell
soma (perikaryon)
The arrows are point to which type of cells?
a. Osteocytes
b. Chondrocytes
c. Fibroblasts
d. Myocytes
c. Fibroblasts
True or False: This is smooth muscle
False - skeletal
True or False: This is cartilage
False -blood
True or False: This is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
True
True or False: This is simple squamous epithelium
False - stratified squamous epithelium non
keratinized
True or False: This is simple columnar epithelium
True
Name the layers of a hollow organ and the tissue types identified in
each of the layers:
Name the type of epithelium lining the lumen of the vessels
Simple squamous
Which of the tunicae (intima, media, adventitia) is significantly more
represented in structure A compared to B?
Media
The inner most layer of both structure is referred to as _________.
a. Tunica intima
b. Tunica media
c. Tunica adventitia
Identify the structures in the picture below and answer following
questions:
A=
B=
a. Tunica intima
A= artery
B= vein
For skeletal muscle:
The nucleus is _____
(centered / peripheral).
* Each fiber has ____ (1 only / many) nucleus/i.
* Each muscle fiber has ___ (1 only / many) motor end
peripheral
many
1
Bipolar neurons
Which muscle tissues are striated?
Skeletal and cardiac
Skeletal muscle is attached to bone by ___ or ___
tendons/aponeuroses
Skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue layer called the ___ (deep fascia)
epimysium
The muscle belly can be subdivided into smaller units called ____
fasicles
What surrounds each fasicle?
Perimysium (layer of connective tissue)
Each fascicle is formed by muscle fibers (bundle of muscle cells) and is surrounded by connective tissue layer known as ____
endomysium
_____ formed by repeating units
called sarcomeres
Myofibril
True or False: Muscle fibers are uninucleated and nuclei is located at periphery
False (multinucleated) - nuclei are located at cell periphery
Sarcomeres are contractile units of ___ and ___ muscle
cardiac and skeletal
Is cardiac muscle multi-nucleated/uni?
Is the nucleus centrally located or peripherally?
Uni-nucleated, centrally located
Voluntary muscle is innervated by the _______
PNS
Axon terminals contain synaptic vesicles with ____
Ach
How many motor end places does a muscle fiber have?
1
_____: single spinal nerve branches and innervates a group of muscle fibers
motor unit
In precisely controlled muscles, the motor unit is ___ while in muscles with less precision the motor unit is ____
small; large
Are the nuclei in smooth muscles centrally or peripherally located?
Centrally
The synaptic ends of peripheral nerve
fibers form specialized synapses called
______
motor endplates
What are the two types of organs?
Hollow or parenchymatous (solid)
What are the two types of hollow organs?
Viscera and vessels
Intestines and the stomach are examples of what type of organ?
Hollow
The circulatory system is comprised of ___ organs: the heart and the vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) The VESSEL wall is made of what three layers?
The kidney or liver are examples of what type of organ?
Solid
What are the three layers of the wall of the heart, from innermost to outermost?
Endocardium (simple squamous endothelium)
Myocardium (smooth muscle)
Epicardium (connective tissue)
____ is divided into lobes/lobules by connective tissues (___)
parenchyma (stroma)
Parenchymatous organs are surrounded by a layer of connective tissue that contains and protect the organ, known as the ___
capsule
The capsular connective tissue penetrates the parenchymatous organs as the ____
stroma
The stroma carries ___ and ___ to each lobe and lobule, making each independent from one another
vessels and innervation
___:the entry way that establishes a communication with the parenchymatous organ. Through this structure, arteries/veins/nerves/lymphatic vessels enter organ and branch out to supply each single lobe/lobule
Hilium
____ are small phagocytic cells with elongated, hyperchromic nuclei. The cells are spindle shaped.
Microglia
