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Anatomy > Exam 1 (L1-4) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (L1-4) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomic position?

A

Body erect, feet together, arms at side with palms forward

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2
Q

Axial or cross-sectional images are view
from the bottom so that the patient’s
right side is on the ____ side of the image

A

left

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3
Q

The ____ plane is the vertical plane that passes longitudinally through the body, dividing it into EQUAL right and left haves. This is also known as mid-sagittal plane.

A

Median Plane

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4
Q

____ planes are vertical planes that pass through the body PARALLEL to median plane, dividing it into UNEQUAL right and left halves. Is is also known as _____ planes.

A

Sagittal Planes; parasagittal planes

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5
Q

____ (frontal) planes are vertical planes that pass through body at right angles to median plane, dividing body into front (anterior) and back (posterior)

A

Coronal

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6
Q

_____ planes pass through the body at right angles median and coronal planes, dividing it into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions

A

Horizontal (transverse) planes

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7
Q

Skin is ___ to muscle, which is ____ to the skin

A

Skin is SUPERFICIAL to muscles, which are DEEP to the skin

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8
Q

The ulna is on the ___ side of the forearm while the radius is ____

A

The ulna is on the MEDIAL side of the forearm while the radius is LATERAL

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9
Q

The sternum is ___ to the heart, which is ____

A

The sternum is ANTERIOR to the heart, which is POSTERIOR

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10
Q

Lungs are ___ to the diaphragm, which is _____

A

Lungs are ___ to the diaphragm, which is _____

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11
Q

The humerus is ____ to radius, which is ____

A

The humerus is PROXIMAL to the radius, which is DISTAL

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12
Q

___ is a bending action that DECREASES angle between two body parts, while ___ is a straightening action that increases the angle between two body parts

A

Flexion; Extension

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13
Q

Abduction and Adduction occur in the __ plane

A

Coronal

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14
Q

___ refers to moving a body part AWAY from median axis in the coronal plane. ___ is moving a body part closer to the median plane.

A

Abduction refers to moving a body part AWAY from median axis in the coronal plane. Adduction is moving a body part closer to the median plane.

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15
Q

_____ is turning or revolving a part of the body about its longitudinal axis

A

Rotation

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16
Q

What type of rotation brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane?

A

Medial (internal) rotation

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17
Q

What type of rotation takes the anterior surface away from the median plane?

A

Lateral (external) rotation

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18
Q

___ is the rotation of the hand and forearm about its longitudinal axis so that palm faces anteriorly (e.g how you carry bowl of soup)

A

Supination

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19
Q

____ involves rotation of the hand and forearm so that palm faces posteriorly

A

Pronation

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20
Q

____is a circulation movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

A

Circumduction

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21
Q

____ moves sole of foot away from midline (raise lateral side) while ____ moves sole of the foot towards the midline (raise medial side of foot)

A

Eversion; Inversion

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22
Q

_____(protraction) moves a structure anteriorly while ____(retraction) moves a structure posteriorly

A

Protrusion; Retrusion

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23
Q

The trunk is composed of ___, ____, and ___

A

Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis

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24
Q

An epithelium lies on a ____, which is a specialized structure found underlying the basal surface of an epithelium.

A

basal lamina

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25
Q

What are the two primary roles of basal lamina?

A

1) Allow for nutrients to diffuse into epithelium
2) connects epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue

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26
Q

Stratified epithelium is classified by the shape of the cells on the _____ surface of the epithelium

A

free surface

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27
Q

How many layers do pseudostratified epithelium have?

A

One

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28
Q

True or False: As height of individual cell increases, so does cell activity

A

True

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29
Q

What type of epithelium lines cavities (endothelium) or body cavities (mesothelium)?

A

Simple squamous

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30
Q

What type of epithelia is a secretory type of epithelium and lines ducts?

A

Simple cuboidal (secretory units can have pyramidal or square cells)

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31
Q

What type of epithelia is an absorptive or secretory epithelium?

A

Simple columnar

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32
Q

What type of epithelium is found in respiratory and urinary system? What features does it have that allows it to work well at these sites?

A

Pseudostratified columnar
It usually has cillia

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33
Q

In stratified squamous, the basal cells are ___ and have ___ activity, while the middle layers are the site of _______

A

cuboidal; mitotic activity; cellular differentiation

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34
Q

Which epithelium can be keratinized?

A

Stratified squamous

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35
Q

Which epithelium is found at the junction between stratified squamous and pseudostratified columnar?

A

Stratified columnar

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36
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

Bladder

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37
Q

Transitional epithelium that has surface cells that bulge into the lumen (umbrella cells) are in what state?

A

Relaxed state

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38
Q

Transitional epithelium in the distended state have basal layer containing ___ cells and a surface layer containing ____

A

cuboidal; squamous

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39
Q

What epithelium is stratified, found only in the testes, and is involved in production of sperm?

A

Germinal Epithelium

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40
Q

Where are stamina cells of stratified epithelium located? Where are more differentiated cells located?

A

Basal lamina ; closer to surface

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41
Q

True or False: Epithelium can be used to form glands (exocrine and endocrine)

A

True

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42
Q

What type of glands maintain a connection to the surface (duct) to reverse product into lumen of lining cavity?

A

Exocrine glands

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43
Q

What type of glands detach from surface and reverse products into bloodstream?

A

Endocrine glands

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44
Q

True or False: Epithelium is avascular and polar

A

True

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45
Q

What structures can exist on apical cell surface of epithelial cells?

A

1) Microvilli
2) Stereocilia
3) Cilia

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46
Q

Of these (Microvilli, Stereocilia, Cilia) which are motile? Non motile?

A

Motile: Cilia

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47
Q

How are microvilli and sterocilia, often found on apical surface of epithelia, similar?

A

Increase SA and non-motile

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48
Q

Three types of junctions on lateral and basal surface of epithelium?

A

1) Occluding: Prevents flow of materials/leaking
2) Anchorin: Site of adhesion
3) Gap: Allow exchange of small molecules (ca/cAMP)

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49
Q

Epithelium covers external surfaces, such as ____; it lines cavity of body IN communication with external surface (____); and it lines cavities NOT in communication with external surface (endothelium/mesothelium)

A

epidermis; mucosa

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50
Q

What type of epithelium is likely found in lining of intestine and is important for absorption?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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51
Q

Name these epithelial cells:

A

Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Simple pseudostratified

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52
Q

Name these epithelial cells:

A

Non-keratinized and keratinized stratified squamous

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53
Q
A

Stratified Cuboidal

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54
Q
A

Transitional (stratified epithelia)

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55
Q
A

Simple squamous

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56
Q
A

Simple cuboidal

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57
Q
A

Simple columnar

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58
Q
A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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59
Q
A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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60
Q
A

Transitional stratified epithelium
-Umbrella cells stretch and flatten

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61
Q

Exocrine glands can be unicellular glands or multicellular. What is an example of one cell glands, as pictured?

A

Goblet cells of the gut/small intestine

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62
Q

Where are multicellular glands commonly found?

A

Stomach lining

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63
Q

One major difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Endocrine glands lack ducts

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64
Q

Three modes of secretion in secretory cells of exocrine glands?

A

1) Holocrine: whole cell is the secretory product
2) Apocrine: secretory product and part of apical cytoplasms and plasmalemma is released
3) Merocrine: secretory product released via exocytosis

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65
Q

Three types of exocrine gland secretory products?

A

1) Mucous: thick, water soluble
2) Serous: watery
3) Mixed secretory units: mucous and serous

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66
Q

Exocrine glands are composed of ___ and ___

A

duct and secretory unit

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67
Q

Three shapes of exocrine gland secretory units?

A

1) Tube shaped
2) Sac like
3) Tube shaped with dilated end

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68
Q

Simple ducts do not ___ whereas compound duct structures do

A

branch

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69
Q
A

simple tubular ducts (in intestine)

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70
Q
A

simple tubular ducts (in intestine)

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71
Q
A

simple branched tubular duct (stomach)

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72
Q
A

simple branched tubular duct (stomach

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73
Q

Both simple ___ and simple____ are simple duct structures (do not branch)

A

tubular/branched tubular

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74
Q

Pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid are all examples of what type of glands?

A

Endocrine glands

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75
Q

“Cells are not contiguous with one another but dispersed in abundant ECM produced by the cell.” What primary tissues is this description describing?

A

Connective Tissue

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76
Q

Connective tissues is composed of cells + ECM. What is ECM made of?

A

ECM = protein fibers (collagen, reticular, or elastic) + ground substances (fluid and glycoproteins/glycosamminoglycans)

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77
Q

What cells are found in connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells, reticular cells, plasma cells

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78
Q
A
79
Q

Is Loose (Areolar) CT well vascularized?

A

YES!

80
Q

Which CT has much ground substance, little
collagen?

A

Loose CT

81
Q

Role of Loose CT?

A

1) Supports epithelium (lamina propria)

2) Fills space between muscle & nerves, surrounds small blood vessels

82
Q

Fibro”blasts” are in ____ stage and is actively producing ___ while fibro”cytes” are at ____stage, but are surrounded and locked into own matrix and less active

A

immature; ECM
mature

83
Q

Roles of tissue fluid in CT?

A

1) Medium for transport of materials
2) Returns to blood by osmotic pressure/lymph system
3) excess = edema

84
Q

___ and ___ are composed of collagen fibers

A

Tendons and Ligaments

85
Q

Which CT fibers are most abundant?

A

Collagen

86
Q

True or False: Dense Irregular CT is more cellular and flexible than loose CT

A

False
Dense Irregular CT is LESS cellular and flexible than loose CT

87
Q

Where is dense irregular CT found?

A

1) dermis of skin
2) submucosa of digestive tract

88
Q

Which is more stress resistant: dense irregular CT or loose CT?

A

Dense Irregular CT

89
Q

What is the major cell type in Dense Regular CT?

A

Fibroblast

90
Q

In which CT do thick collagen fibers run parallel to each other?

A

Dense Regular CT

91
Q
A

Dense Irregular CT

92
Q
A

Dense Regular CT

93
Q
A

Dense Regular CT

94
Q

Which dense connective tissue is rich in elastic fibers?

A

Elastic CT

95
Q

___ is the model for fetal bone formation and is found in the nose, ear, larynx,
trachea, intervertebral
discs

A

Cartilage, a specialized connective tissue

96
Q

True or False: Cartilage supports soft tissues and movable/immovable joints

A

True

97
Q

Label the yellow, red, and black

A

Yellow = Perichondrium
Red = Chondroblasts
Black = Chondrocytes

98
Q

Three cartilage subtypes?

A

1) Hyaline
2) Elastic
3) Fibrocartilage

99
Q

Hyaline cartilage contains ___ fibers. ___ cells product matrix and, when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae

A

collagen; Chondroblasts

100
Q

What type of cartilage forms most of the embryonic skeleton, covers end of long bones, found in costal area of ribs/nose/trach/larynx

A

Hyaline

101
Q

What fibers are found in the ECM of Elastic Cartilage?

A

Type II Collagen and Elastin

102
Q

What type of cartilage is found here?

A

Elastic

103
Q

Although elastic cartilage is similar to hyaline, how is it different?

A

Has more elastic fibers in matrix

104
Q
A

Elastin in Elastic Cartilage

105
Q
A

Fibers of Collagen I in Fibrocartilage

106
Q

Fibrocartilage is made up of ___ and ___

A

Type I/II Collagen

107
Q

What cartilage makes up intervertebral discs?

A

Fibrocartilage

108
Q

What type of fibers predominate in fibrocartilage?

A

Thick collagen fibers

109
Q

The matrix of fibrocartilage is similar to, but LESS firm than in ___ cartilage

A

hyaline

110
Q

True or False: Bone is avascular and metabolically inactive

A

False - bone is vascular and metabolically active

111
Q
A

OB = osteoblasts
O = osteocyte

112
Q

Cells of CT are responsible fro producing ____ and depositing __ into it

A

ground substance; fibers

113
Q

Dense irregular CT has collagen fibers arranged in many different directions. How is this beneficial?

A

Increases resistance to stretch and distention

114
Q

True or False: Cartilage is vascular

A

False - cartilage is avascular

115
Q

How do chondrocytes get their nutrition?

A

Simple diffusion

116
Q
A

top arrow = osteoid (90% collagen type I)
bottom arrow = bone matrix

117
Q
A
118
Q

Mature bone is organized into ____

A

osteons

119
Q
A
120
Q

Bone is surrounded on its outer surface by a membranous later called the ____, which is osteogenic

A

periosteum

121
Q

Compact bone is formed by ___ while spongy/cancellous is formed by ____

A

osteons; trabeculae

122
Q

True or False: Bone is vascular

A

True

123
Q
A
124
Q

True or False: All bones have outer shell of compact bone

A

True

125
Q

True or False: Inside of a bone contains either spongy bone or marrow

A

True

126
Q

True or False: Blood has ground substance (plasma) with no
fibers

A

True

127
Q

The pluripotential stem
cell resides in the ______

A

bone
marrow

128
Q

________ is also
the precursor of RBC’s and megakaryocytes

A

Myeloid stem cell

129
Q

True or False: All neurons are polarized cells that have 1 axon but variable dendrites

A

True

130
Q

Properties of neuron?

A

Excitability
Conductivity
Transmission

131
Q

____ is the site for functional communication in the nervous system

A

Synapse

132
Q

“conduction of impulses is achieved by the release of
chemical substances (neurotransmitters)” What type of synapse?

A

Chemical

133
Q
A
134
Q
A
135
Q

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia belong to what part of the nervous system?

A

PNS

136
Q

Which part of the NS are these found in

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

A

CNS

137
Q

Schwann and Satellite cells are found in the ___

A

PNS

138
Q

Are there more glia or neurons?

A

Glia outnumber neurons

139
Q

Most common neuron?

A

Multipolar Neuron

140
Q

What neuron has one axon and one dendrite emerging from opposite ends of the soma?

A

Bipolar neurons

141
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A

Special sense

142
Q

Pseudounipolar neurons have one process on receptive/afferent end that extends to ___ (skin) while the other process (efferent portion) extends to ___ where synaptic terminal is located

A

periphery; CNS

143
Q

Autonomic Nervous system is responsible for innervation of what three structures?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular epithelium

144
Q

Groups of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS are called ___

A

ganglia

145
Q

What type of neurons are only found in rods and cones of retina?

A

Unipolar

146
Q

_____ are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS) while ____ are the myelinating cells of the PNS

A

Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells

147
Q

What is the structure (black arrow)?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

148
Q

Soma of neuron is also known as ___

A

perikaryon

149
Q

Nissl substance is visible when staining the ___ of a neuron and indicates metabolically active cell

A

soma (perikaryon)

150
Q

The arrows are point to which type of cells?
a. Osteocytes
b. Chondrocytes
c. Fibroblasts
d. Myocytes

A

c. Fibroblasts

151
Q

True or False: This is smooth muscle

A

False - skeletal

152
Q

True or False: This is cartilage

A

False -blood

153
Q

True or False: This is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

True

154
Q

True or False: This is simple squamous epithelium

A

False - stratified squamous epithelium non
keratinized

155
Q

True or False: This is simple columnar epithelium

A

True

156
Q

Name the layers of a hollow organ and the tissue types identified in
each of the layers:

A
157
Q

Name the type of epithelium lining the lumen of the vessels

A

Simple squamous

158
Q

Which of the tunicae (intima, media, adventitia) is significantly more
represented in structure A compared to B?

A

Media

159
Q

The inner most layer of both structure is referred to as _________.
a. Tunica intima
b. Tunica media
c. Tunica adventitia

Identify the structures in the picture below and answer following
questions:
A=
B=

A

a. Tunica intima

A= artery
B= vein

160
Q
A
161
Q
A
162
Q

For skeletal muscle:
The nucleus is _____
(centered / peripheral).
* Each fiber has ____ (1 only / many) nucleus/i.
* Each muscle fiber has ___ (1 only / many) motor end

A

peripheral
many
1

163
Q
A

Bipolar neurons

164
Q
A
165
Q

Which muscle tissues are striated?

A

Skeletal and cardiac

166
Q

Skeletal muscle is attached to bone by ___ or ___

A

tendons/aponeuroses

167
Q

Skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue layer called the ___ (deep fascia)

A

epimysium

168
Q

The muscle belly can be subdivided into smaller units called ____

A

fasicles

169
Q

What surrounds each fasicle?

A

Perimysium (layer of connective tissue)

170
Q

Each fascicle is formed by muscle fibers (bundle of muscle cells) and is surrounded by connective tissue layer known as ____

A

endomysium

171
Q

_____ formed by repeating units
called sarcomeres

A

Myofibril

172
Q

True or False: Muscle fibers are uninucleated and nuclei is located at periphery

A

False (multinucleated) - nuclei are located at cell periphery

173
Q

Sarcomeres are contractile units of ___ and ___ muscle

A

cardiac and skeletal

174
Q

Is cardiac muscle multi-nucleated/uni?
Is the nucleus centrally located or peripherally?

A

Uni-nucleated, centrally located

175
Q

Voluntary muscle is innervated by the _______

A

PNS

176
Q

Axon terminals contain synaptic vesicles with ____

A

Ach

177
Q

How many motor end places does a muscle fiber have?

A

1

178
Q

_____: single spinal nerve branches and innervates a group of muscle fibers

A

motor unit

179
Q

In precisely controlled muscles, the motor unit is ___ while in muscles with less precision the motor unit is ____

A

small; large

180
Q

Are the nuclei in smooth muscles centrally or peripherally located?

A

Centrally

181
Q

The synaptic ends of peripheral nerve
fibers form specialized synapses called
______

A

motor endplates

182
Q

What are the two types of organs?

A

Hollow or parenchymatous (solid)

183
Q

What are the two types of hollow organs?

A

Viscera and vessels

184
Q

Intestines and the stomach are examples of what type of organ?

A

Hollow

185
Q

The circulatory system is comprised of ___ organs: the heart and the vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) The VESSEL wall is made of what three layers?

A
186
Q

The kidney or liver are examples of what type of organ?

A

Solid

187
Q

What are the three layers of the wall of the heart, from innermost to outermost?

A

Endocardium (simple squamous endothelium)

Myocardium (smooth muscle)

Epicardium (connective tissue)

188
Q

____ is divided into lobes/lobules by connective tissues (___)

A

parenchyma (stroma)

189
Q

Parenchymatous organs are surrounded by a layer of connective tissue that contains and protect the organ, known as the ___

A

capsule

190
Q

The capsular connective tissue penetrates the parenchymatous organs as the ____

A

stroma

191
Q

The stroma carries ___ and ___ to each lobe and lobule, making each independent from one another

A

vessels and innervation

192
Q

___:the entry way that establishes a communication with the parenchymatous organ. Through this structure, arteries/veins/nerves/lymphatic vessels enter organ and branch out to supply each single lobe/lobule

A

Hilium

193
Q
A
194
Q

____ are small phagocytic cells with elongated, hyperchromic nuclei. The cells are spindle shaped.

A

Microglia

Anatomy (28 decks)

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