Lecture 21 (Esophagus, Stomach, Small/Large Intestines) Flashcards by Katlyn Heneghan

Where is the majority of the esophagus located?
A. Cervical Region
B. Thorax
C. Lumbar Region

B. Thorax

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Within the superior mediastinum/thoracic region, the esophagus is located between the ___ and the ___

Trachea; Vertebral Bodies

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The inferior (posterior mediastinum) part of the esophagus enters the abdomen through an opening in the thoracoabdominal diaphragm known as the _____

esophageal hiatus

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The esophagus enters the stomach in the _____
A. Cardiac Region
B. Esophageal Hiatus
C. Peritoneum

A. Cardiac Region/Abdominal Region

(last 2 cm before opening in the
stomach (cardiac region))

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How does the esophagus rhythmically move food inferiorly?

Peristalsis

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In which area of the thorax is the esophagus pushed forward by the descending aorta?
A. inferiorly, posterior mediastinum
B. superior mediastinum

A. inferiorly, posterior mediastinum

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True or False: The esophageal hiatus is an opening through the diaphragm

True

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Label the following:

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What type of mucosa lines the esophagus?
A. Stratified squamous, non-keratinized
B. Simple columnar
C. Simple cuboidal
D. Stratified squamous, keratinized

A. Stratified squamous, non-keratinized

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____: a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

____: a distensible organ that functions as a blender and reservoir

Esophagus
Stomach

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What are the two functions of the stomach?

1) Acid digestion
2) Storage

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In which organ does a bolus of food become chyme?
A. Esophagus
B. Stomach
C. Pharynx
D. Small Intestine

B. Stomach

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Which structure of the stomach prevents reflux into the esophagus?
A. Greater esophageal sphincter
B. Lower esophageal sphincter
C. Greater curvature
D. Lesser curvature

B. Lower esophageal sphincter
(smooth muscles around esophagus where it enters the stomach)

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Label the structures of the stomach:

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What are the two margins/borders of the stomach?

1) Lesser (superior) curvature - concave
2) Greater (inferior) curvature - convex

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True or False: The stomach’s blood supply is under the celiac trunk

True

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The glands of the pylorus and the cardia primarily produce ____

mucus

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Which of the following regions of the stomach contains gastric glands that release acidic gastric acid juice?

Fundus and Body

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___ is the funnel shaped region that opens into the small intestine

____ is a wide transition zone between the esophagus and the stomach

A. Cardiac Region; Pyloric Sphincter
B. Pylorus; Fundus
C. Pylorus; Cardia

C. Pylorus; Cardia

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The luminal surface of the stomach is lined with rugae. What are the two functions of rugae?

1) Direct bolus into the body of stomach
2) Expansion of stomach

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Peristalsis of the stomach passes chyme into the ____
A. Duodenum
B. Esophagus
C. Jejunum

A. Duodenum

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Which structure of the stomach controls the output of chyme?
A. Cardiac/Lower Esophageal Sphincter
B. Pyloric Sphincter
C. Fundus
D. Duodenum

B. Pyloric Sphincter

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What are the three primary regions of the stomach?

1) Cardia
2) Fundus/body
3) Pylorus

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What type of secretory epithelium is located in the stomach? A. Simple cuboidal epithelium B. Simple columnar epithelium C. Stratified, keratinized epithelium D. Pseudostratified epithelium

B. Simple columnar epithelium

The glands of the stomach, located within the gastric pit, produce ___ and ___ in the presence of HCl

pepsinogen and lipase

True or False: Under alkalotic conditions in the stomach, pepsinogen is converted to pepsin for protein digestion

False - under ACIDODIC conditions this will occur

What strategy do the cells (epithelium) of the stomach use to protect the epithelial surface?

Secrete alkaline mucus - forms protective coat

Stomach: Rugae Small Intestine: _____

Plicae Circulares

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Label the four parts of the duodenum:

What is the main function of the small intestine?

Absorbing the nutrients dissolved in the chyme

The small intestine extends from the ___ to the ___ junction

pylorus to ileocecal junction (valve)

The Duodenum is a: A. Intraperitoneal Viscera B. Retroperitoneal Viscera C. Secondarily Retroperitoneal Viscera

B. Retroperitoneal Viscera

The Ileum and the Jejunum are ___ organs attached to the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentary: A. Intraperitoneal Viscera B. Retroperitoneal Viscera C. Secondarily Retroperitoneal Viscera

A. Intraperitoneal Viscera

Which two ducts empty together into the left side of the descending part of the duodenum, at the major duodenal papilla?

Common Bile Duct/Main Pancreatic Duct

In which region are Plicae Circulares of the small intestine most abundant? least abundant? A. Ileum B. Jejunum C. Duodenum

B. Jejunum (most abundant) A. Ileum (least abundant)

True or False: Both the plicae circulares (small intestine) and the rugae (stomach) primarily function to increase SA of their respective organ

True

____ is the opening for main pancreatic duct and common bile duct. It is also located in the descending region of duodenum.

Major duodenal papilla

The plicae circulares (circular folds) are formed by ____ and ____

mucosa; submucosa

____ and ___ form the villi of the small intestine

Epithelium; Lamina Propria

Between the villi of the small intestine, the epithelium deepens into lamina propria and forms tubular glands known as intestinal glands or _______

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

Where does the Crypts of Lieberkuhn extend to?

Muscularis Mucosae

What are the two primary cells of the epithelial lining of the small intestine?

1) Goblet Cells 2) Enterocytes

True or False: Enterocytes are tall, absorptive cells forming simple columnar epithelium

True

The apex of enterocytes is covered with ___. Together, this creates the ___ border

microvilli; brush (striated) border

How do enterocytes increase the SA of the epithelium?

Microvilli

True or False: Goblet cells absorb nutrients from the lumen of the small intestine

False - the enterocytes function this way

Sugars and proteins pass into the ____ while the lipids pass into the central ___ in the core of the villus

blood capillaries; lacetal

Which cells are located BETWEEN enterocytes, have a basally located nucleus, and have secretory granules in the apical region?

Goblet cells

What do the secretory granules of goblet cells contain? What is the function of goblet cells?

Acid Glycoprotein - To secrete granules, which will lubricate and protect intestinal lining

Goblet cells are joined to intestinal absorptive cells via ____junctions

tight junctions

_____ makes up the core of each intestinal villus ____: smooth muscle that facilitates rhythmic movements of villi

Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae

True or False: Plicae circulares (circular folds) + Villi + Microvilli all increase absorption

True

Which part of the small intestine is shown here? A. Duodenum B. Jejunum C. Ileum

B. Jejunum

Which part of the small intestine is shown here? A. Duodenum B. Jejunum C. Ileum

C. Ileum

Which part of the small intestine is shown here? A. Duodenum B. Jejunum C. Ileum

A. Duodenum

True or False: There are glands in the submucosa of the small intestines

False - there are no glands in submucosa of the small intestines

Where in the small intestines are Brunner's glands located? A. Duodenum - Muscularis Externa B. Duodenum - Submucosa C. Duodenum - Mucosa

B. Duodenum - Submucosa

Where in the small intestines are Peyer's patches located? A. Ileum - extends into Muscularis Externa B. Ileum - extends into Submucosa C. Ileum - extends into Mucosa

B. Ileum - extends into Submucosa

___: secreting alkaline mucous to neutralize the acidity from the stomach A. Auberbach's Myenteric Plexus B. Brunner's Glands C. Meissner's Plexus

B. Brunner's Glands - Located in duodenum

Brunner's Glands is located in the submucosa of the ____ while Crypt of Lieberkuhn is found in the mucosa of the ___/___

Brunner's = submucosa/duodenum Lieberkuhn = mucosa/duodenum+jejunum

Peyer’s patch—clusters of lymphoid tissue—is located in the ___ of the small intestine and extends into the ____mucosa

lleum; submucosa

Adventitia covers the outer layer of the major part of the ____ while serosa makes up the outer layer of the ___/___

Adventitia = duodenum Serosa = jejunum + ileum

True or False: Duodenum is retroperitoneal viscera while Jejunum and Ileum are Intraperitoneal viscera

True

Where in the small intestine are villi, enterocytes/goblet cells located? A. Duodenum B. Jejunum C. Ileum

A. Duodenum

True or False: The histological organization of the intestine's wall increases the surface contact between nutrients and absorptive epithelium

True

Label 1-6 of the large intestine:

Note: 1, 3, and 5 are covered by serosa (peritoneum)

____: three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers, located in the large intestine

Tenia Coli

____ are sacculations of the colon that bulge out between tenia coli

Haustra

_____: fat filled appendices A. Haustra B. Tenia Coli C. Omental (Epiploic) Appendicies

C. Omental (Epiploic) Appendicies

The inner surface of the large intestine has mucosal folds known as: A. Haustra B. Tenia Coli C. Omental (Epiploic) Appendicies D. Semilunar folds (plicae semilunares)

D. Semilunar folds (plicae semilunares)

True or False: Mucosa of the large intestine and small intestine contain villi

False - large does not contain villi (but small does)

The surface epithelium of the large intestine invaginates into the lamina propria to form the intestinal gland of __________

glands of Lieberkuhn

___ of Lieberkuhn are found in the small intestine while ___ of Lieberkuhn are found in the large intestine

Crypts = small intestine Glands = large intestine

In the large intestine: the superior mesenteric artery splits into ___, ___, and ____ the inferior mesenteric artery splits into ___, ____, and ____

Superior Mesenteric Artery 1. Middle Colic a. 2. Right Colic a. 3. Ileocolic a. Inferior Mesenteric Artery 1. Left Colic a. 2. Sigmoid a. 3. Superior Rectal a.

Compare contrast small vs. large intestine:

Small: has vili/crypts of Lieberkuhn Large: NO villi/glands of Lieberkuhn; smooth

The surface of the large intestine is lined by ____ epithelium consisting of intestinal absorptive cells + goblet cells

simple, columnar epithelium

What are the dominant cell type in the large intestine?

Goblet

True or False: There are more goblet cells in the more distal regions of the large intestine

True

True or False: Glands are present in the submucosa of large intestine

False - there is NOT

Within the muscularis externa of the large intestine, there is an outer longitudinal layer that forms three separate longitudinal glands of smooth muscle known _____

taeniae coli

True or False: The myenteric plexus of the large intestine lies between the two muscle layers of the muscularis externa

True

The ileum enters the cecum at the ____. _____ guards the orfice.

Ileocecal orfice; ileocecal valve

Inflammation of which large intestine structure can lead to appendicitis?

Vermiform appendix

In which structure is water primarily absorbed? A. Esophagus B. Large intestine C. Small intestine

B. Large intestine

The ascending colon contains the ____ flexure while the transverse colon contains the ___ and ___

Ascending colon = R colic flexure Transverse colon = right (hepatic) and left (splenic) flexure

What is the largest and most mobile part of the large intestine?

Transverse colon

True or False: The rectum and anal canal are located within the false pelvis

False - they are located in the TRUE pelvis

Dilated submucosal vessels in the rectum suggest ____

Internal rectal hemorrhoids

What changes are seen in the epithelium at the anorectal junction

Defecation involves the action of voluntary muscles comprising the ____ sphincter

external anal sphincter

True or False: At the anorectal junction, the inner circular layers of the muscularis externa enlarge to form the internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle)

True

True or False: At the anorectal junction, the combined lamina propria-submucosal layer contains large, thin-walled veins. When veins dilate they are internal hemmorhoids

True