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Anatomy > Lecture 21 (Esophagus, Stomach, Small/Large Intestines) > Flashcards

Lecture 21 (Esophagus, Stomach, Small/Large Intestines) Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the majority of the esophagus located?
A. Cervical Region
B. Thorax
C. Lumbar Region

A

B. Thorax

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2
Q

Within the superior mediastinum/thoracic region, the esophagus is located between the ___ and the ___

A

Trachea; Vertebral Bodies

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3
Q

The inferior (posterior mediastinum) part of the esophagus enters the abdomen through an opening in the thoracoabdominal diaphragm known as the _____

A

esophageal hiatus

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4
Q

The esophagus enters the stomach in the _____
A. Cardiac Region
B. Esophageal Hiatus
C. Peritoneum

A

A. Cardiac Region/Abdominal Region

(last 2 cm before opening in the
stomach (cardiac region))

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5
Q

How does the esophagus rhythmically move food inferiorly?

A

Peristalsis

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6
Q

In which area of the thorax is the esophagus pushed forward by the descending aorta?
A. inferiorly, posterior mediastinum
B. superior mediastinum

A

A. inferiorly, posterior mediastinum

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7
Q

True or False: The esophageal hiatus is an opening through the diaphragm

A

True

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8
Q

Label the following:

A
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9
Q

What type of mucosa lines the esophagus?
A. Stratified squamous, non-keratinized
B. Simple columnar
C. Simple cuboidal
D. Stratified squamous, keratinized

A

A. Stratified squamous, non-keratinized

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10
Q

____: a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

____: a distensible organ that functions as a blender and reservoir

A

Esophagus
Stomach

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11
Q

What are the two functions of the stomach?

A

1) Acid digestion
2) Storage

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12
Q

In which organ does a bolus of food become chyme?
A. Esophagus
B. Stomach
C. Pharynx
D. Small Intestine

A

B. Stomach

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13
Q

Which structure of the stomach prevents reflux into the esophagus?
A. Greater esophageal sphincter
B. Lower esophageal sphincter
C. Greater curvature
D. Lesser curvature

A

B. Lower esophageal sphincter
(smooth muscles around esophagus where it enters the stomach)

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14
Q

Label the structures of the stomach:

A
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15
Q

What are the two margins/borders of the stomach?

A

1) Lesser (superior) curvature - concave
2) Greater (inferior) curvature - convex

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16
Q

True or False: The stomach’s blood supply is under the celiac trunk

A

True

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17
Q

The glands of the pylorus and the cardia primarily produce ____

A

mucus

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18
Q

Which of the following regions of the stomach contains gastric glands that release acidic gastric acid juice?

A

Fundus and Body

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19
Q

___ is the funnel shaped region that opens into the small intestine

____ is a wide transition zone between the esophagus and the stomach

A. Cardiac Region; Pyloric Sphincter
B. Pylorus; Fundus
C. Pylorus; Cardia

A

C. Pylorus; Cardia

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20
Q

The luminal surface of the stomach is lined with rugae. What are the two functions of rugae?

A

1) Direct bolus into the body of stomach
2) Expansion of stomach

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21
Q

Peristalsis of the stomach passes chyme into the ____
A. Duodenum
B. Esophagus
C. Jejunum

A

A. Duodenum

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22
Q

Which structure of the stomach controls the output of chyme?
A. Cardiac/Lower Esophageal Sphincter
B. Pyloric Sphincter
C. Fundus
D. Duodenum

A

B. Pyloric Sphincter

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23
Q

What are the three primary regions of the stomach?

A

1) Cardia
2) Fundus/body
3) Pylorus

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24
Q
A
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25
Q

What type of secretory epithelium is located in the stomach?
A. Simple cuboidal epithelium
B. Simple columnar epithelium
C. Stratified, keratinized epithelium
D. Pseudostratified epithelium

A

B. Simple columnar epithelium

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26
Q

The glands of the stomach, located within the gastric pit, produce ___ and ___ in the presence of HCl

A

pepsinogen and lipase

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27
Q

True or False: Under alkalotic conditions in the stomach, pepsinogen is converted to pepsin for protein digestion

A

False - under ACIDODIC conditions this will occur

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28
Q

What strategy do the cells (epithelium) of the stomach use to protect the epithelial surface?

A

Secrete alkaline mucus - forms protective coat

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29
Q

Stomach: Rugae
Small Intestine: _____

A

Plicae Circulares

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30
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

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31
Q

Label the four parts of the duodenum:

A
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32
Q

What is the main function of the small intestine?

A

Absorbing the nutrients dissolved in the chyme

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33
Q

The small intestine extends from the ___
to the ___ junction

A

pylorus to ileocecal junction (valve)

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34
Q

The Duodenum is a:
A. Intraperitoneal Viscera
B. Retroperitoneal Viscera
C. Secondarily Retroperitoneal Viscera

A

B. Retroperitoneal Viscera

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35
Q

The Ileum and the Jejunum are ___ organs attached to the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentary:

A. Intraperitoneal Viscera
B. Retroperitoneal Viscera
C. Secondarily Retroperitoneal Viscera

A

A. Intraperitoneal Viscera

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36
Q

Which two ducts empty together into the left side of the descending part of the duodenum, at the major duodenal papilla?

A

Common Bile Duct/Main Pancreatic Duct

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37
Q

In which region are Plicae Circulares of the small intestine most abundant? least abundant?
A. Ileum
B. Jejunum
C. Duodenum

A

B. Jejunum (most abundant)
A. Ileum (least abundant)

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38
Q

True or False: Both the plicae circulares (small intestine) and the rugae (stomach) primarily function to increase SA of their respective organ

A

True

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39
Q

____ is the opening for main pancreatic duct and common bile duct. It is also located in the descending region of duodenum.

A

Major duodenal papilla

40
Q

The plicae circulares (circular folds) are formed by ____ and ____

A

mucosa; submucosa

41
Q

____ and ___ form the villi of the small intestine

A

Epithelium; Lamina Propria

42
Q

Between the villi of the small intestine, the epithelium deepens into lamina propria and forms tubular glands known as intestinal glands or _______

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

43
Q

Where does the Crypts of Lieberkuhn extend to?

A

Muscularis Mucosae

44
Q

What are the two primary cells of the epithelial lining of the small intestine?

A

1) Goblet Cells
2) Enterocytes

45
Q

True or False: Enterocytes are tall, absorptive cells forming simple columnar epithelium

A

True

46
Q

The apex of enterocytes is covered with ___. Together, this creates the ___ border

A

microvilli; brush (striated) border

47
Q

How do enterocytes increase the SA of the epithelium?

A

Microvilli

48
Q

True or False: Goblet cells absorb nutrients from the lumen of the small intestine

A

False - the enterocytes function this way

49
Q

Sugars and proteins pass into the ____ while the lipids pass into the central ___ in the core of the villus

A

blood capillaries; lacetal

50
Q

Which cells are located BETWEEN enterocytes, have a basally located nucleus, and have secretory granules in the apical region?

A

Goblet cells

51
Q

What do the secretory granules of goblet cells contain? What is the function of goblet cells?

A

Acid Glycoprotein
- To secrete granules, which will lubricate and protect intestinal lining

52
Q

Goblet cells are joined to intestinal absorptive cells via ____junctions

A

tight junctions

53
Q

_____ makes up the core of each intestinal villus

____: smooth
muscle that facilitates rhythmic
movements of villi

A

Lamina propria

Muscularis mucosae

54
Q

True or False: Plicae circulares (circular folds) + Villi + Microvilli all increase absorption

A

True

55
Q

Which part of the small intestine is shown here?
A. Duodenum
B. Jejunum
C. Ileum

A

B. Jejunum

56
Q

Which part of the small intestine is shown here?
A. Duodenum
B. Jejunum
C. Ileum

A

C. Ileum

57
Q

Which part of the small intestine is shown here?
A. Duodenum
B. Jejunum
C. Ileum

A

A. Duodenum

58
Q

True or False: There are glands in the submucosa of the small intestines

A

False - there are no glands in submucosa of the small intestines

59
Q

Where in the small intestines are Brunner’s glands located?
A. Duodenum - Muscularis Externa
B. Duodenum - Submucosa
C. Duodenum - Mucosa

A

B. Duodenum - Submucosa

60
Q

Where in the small intestines are Peyer’s patches located?
A. Ileum - extends into Muscularis Externa
B. Ileum - extends into Submucosa
C. Ileum - extends into Mucosa

A

B. Ileum - extends into Submucosa

61
Q

___: secreting alkaline mucous to neutralize the acidity from the
stomach

A. Auberbach’s Myenteric Plexus
B. Brunner’s Glands
C. Meissner’s Plexus

A

B. Brunner’s Glands
- Located in duodenum

62
Q

Brunner’s Glands is located in the submucosa of the ____ while Crypt of Lieberkuhn is found in the mucosa of the ___/___

A

Brunner’s = submucosa/duodenum

Lieberkuhn = mucosa/duodenum+jejunum

63
Q

Peyer’s patch—clusters of
lymphoid tissue—is located in the ___ of the small intestine and extends into the ____mucosa

A

lleum; submucosa

64
Q

Adventitia covers the outer layer of the major part of the ____ while serosa makes up the outer layer of the ___/___

A

Adventitia = duodenum
Serosa = jejunum + ileum

65
Q

True or False: Duodenum is retroperitoneal viscera while Jejunum and Ileum are Intraperitoneal viscera

A

True

66
Q

Where in the small intestine are villi, enterocytes/goblet cells located?
A. Duodenum
B. Jejunum
C. Ileum

A

A. Duodenum

67
Q

True or False: The histological organization of the intestine’s wall increases the surface contact between nutrients and absorptive epithelium

A

True

68
Q

Label 1-6 of the large intestine:

A
69
Q
A

Note: 1, 3, and 5 are covered by serosa (peritoneum)

70
Q

____: three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers, located in the large intestine

A

Tenia Coli

71
Q

____ are sacculations of the colon that bulge out between tenia coli

A

Haustra

72
Q

_____: fat filled appendices
A. Haustra
B. Tenia Coli
C. Omental (Epiploic) Appendicies

A

C. Omental (Epiploic) Appendicies

73
Q

The inner surface of the large intestine has mucosal folds known as:
A. Haustra
B. Tenia Coli
C. Omental (Epiploic) Appendicies
D. Semilunar folds (plicae semilunares)

A

D. Semilunar folds (plicae semilunares)

74
Q

True or False: Mucosa of the large intestine and small intestine contain villi

A

False - large does not contain villi (but small does)

75
Q

The surface epithelium of the large intestine invaginates into the lamina propria to form the intestinal gland of __________

A

glands of Lieberkuhn

76
Q

___ of Lieberkuhn are found in the small intestine while ___ of Lieberkuhn are found in the large intestine

A

Crypts = small intestine
Glands = large intestine

77
Q

In the large intestine:
the superior mesenteric artery splits into ___, ___, and ____

the inferior mesenteric artery splits into ___, ____, and ____

A

Superior Mesenteric Artery
1. Middle Colic a.
2. Right Colic a.
3. Ileocolic a.

Inferior Mesenteric Artery
1. Left Colic a.
2. Sigmoid a.
3. Superior Rectal a.

78
Q

Compare contrast small vs. large intestine:

A

Small: has vili/crypts of Lieberkuhn
Large: NO villi/glands of Lieberkuhn; smooth

79
Q

The surface of the large intestine is lined by ____ epithelium consisting of intestinal absorptive cells + goblet cells

A

simple, columnar epithelium

80
Q

What are the dominant cell type in the large intestine?

A

Goblet

81
Q

True or False: There are more goblet cells in the more distal regions of the large intestine

A

True

82
Q

True or False: Glands are present in the submucosa of large intestine

A

False - there is NOT

83
Q

Within the muscularis externa of the large intestine, there is an outer longitudinal layer that forms three separate longitudinal glands of smooth muscle known _____

A

taeniae coli

84
Q

True or False: The myenteric plexus of the large intestine lies between the two muscle layers of the muscularis externa

A

True

85
Q

The ileum enters the cecum at the ____. _____ guards the orfice.

A

Ileocecal orfice; ileocecal valve

86
Q

Inflammation of which large intestine structure can lead to appendicitis?

A

Vermiform appendix

87
Q

In which structure is water primarily absorbed?
A. Esophagus
B. Large intestine
C. Small intestine

A

B. Large intestine

88
Q

The ascending colon contains the ____ flexure while the transverse colon contains the ___ and ___

A

Ascending colon = R colic flexure
Transverse colon = right (hepatic) and left (splenic) flexure

89
Q

What is the largest and most mobile part of the large intestine?

A

Transverse colon

90
Q

True or False: The rectum and anal canal are located within the false pelvis

A

False - they are located in the TRUE pelvis

91
Q
A
92
Q

Dilated submucosal vessels in the rectum suggest ____

A

Internal rectal hemorrhoids

93
Q

What changes are seen in the epithelium at the anorectal junction

A
94
Q

Defecation involves the action of voluntary muscles comprising the ____ sphincter

A

external anal sphincter

95
Q

True or False: At the anorectal junction, the inner circular layers of the muscularis externa enlarge to form the internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle)

A

True

96
Q

True or False: At the anorectal junction, the combined lamina propria-submucosal layer contains large, thin-walled veins. When veins dilate they are internal hemmorhoids

A

True

Anatomy (28 decks)

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