Lecture 21 (Esophagus, Stomach, Small/Large Intestines) Flashcards
Where is the majority of the esophagus located?
A. Cervical Region
B. Thorax
C. Lumbar Region
B. Thorax
Within the superior mediastinum/thoracic region, the esophagus is located between the ___ and the ___
Trachea; Vertebral Bodies
The inferior (posterior mediastinum) part of the esophagus enters the abdomen through an opening in the thoracoabdominal diaphragm known as the _____
esophageal hiatus
The esophagus enters the stomach in the _____
A. Cardiac Region
B. Esophageal Hiatus
C. Peritoneum
A. Cardiac Region/Abdominal Region
(last 2 cm before opening in the
stomach (cardiac region))
How does the esophagus rhythmically move food inferiorly?
Peristalsis
In which area of the thorax is the esophagus pushed forward by the descending aorta?
A. inferiorly, posterior mediastinum
B. superior mediastinum
A. inferiorly, posterior mediastinum
True or False: The esophageal hiatus is an opening through the diaphragm
True
Label the following:
What type of mucosa lines the esophagus?
A. Stratified squamous, non-keratinized
B. Simple columnar
C. Simple cuboidal
D. Stratified squamous, keratinized
A. Stratified squamous, non-keratinized
____: a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach
____: a distensible organ that functions as a blender and reservoir
Esophagus
Stomach
What are the two functions of the stomach?
1) Acid digestion
2) Storage
In which organ does a bolus of food become chyme?
A. Esophagus
B. Stomach
C. Pharynx
D. Small Intestine
B. Stomach
Which structure of the stomach prevents reflux into the esophagus?
A. Greater esophageal sphincter
B. Lower esophageal sphincter
C. Greater curvature
D. Lesser curvature
B. Lower esophageal sphincter
(smooth muscles around esophagus where it enters the stomach)
Label the structures of the stomach:
What are the two margins/borders of the stomach?
1) Lesser (superior) curvature - concave
2) Greater (inferior) curvature - convex
True or False: The stomach’s blood supply is under the celiac trunk
True
The glands of the pylorus and the cardia primarily produce ____
mucus
Which of the following regions of the stomach contains gastric glands that release acidic gastric acid juice?
Fundus and Body
___ is the funnel shaped region that opens into the small intestine
____ is a wide transition zone between the esophagus and the stomach
A. Cardiac Region; Pyloric Sphincter
B. Pylorus; Fundus
C. Pylorus; Cardia
C. Pylorus; Cardia
The luminal surface of the stomach is lined with rugae. What are the two functions of rugae?
1) Direct bolus into the body of stomach
2) Expansion of stomach
Peristalsis of the stomach passes chyme into the ____
A. Duodenum
B. Esophagus
C. Jejunum
A. Duodenum
Which structure of the stomach controls the output of chyme?
A. Cardiac/Lower Esophageal Sphincter
B. Pyloric Sphincter
C. Fundus
D. Duodenum
B. Pyloric Sphincter
What are the three primary regions of the stomach?
1) Cardia
2) Fundus/body
3) Pylorus
What type of secretory epithelium is located in the stomach?
A. Simple cuboidal epithelium
B. Simple columnar epithelium
C. Stratified, keratinized epithelium
D. Pseudostratified epithelium
B. Simple columnar epithelium
The glands of the stomach, located within the gastric pit, produce ___ and ___ in the presence of HCl
pepsinogen and lipase
True or False: Under alkalotic conditions in the stomach, pepsinogen is converted to pepsin for protein digestion
False - under ACIDODIC conditions this will occur
What strategy do the cells (epithelium) of the stomach use to protect the epithelial surface?
Secrete alkaline mucus - forms protective coat
Stomach: Rugae
Small Intestine: _____
Plicae Circulares
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Label the four parts of the duodenum:
What is the main function of the small intestine?
Absorbing the nutrients dissolved in the chyme
The small intestine extends from the ___
to the ___ junction
pylorus to ileocecal junction (valve)
The Duodenum is a:
A. Intraperitoneal Viscera
B. Retroperitoneal Viscera
C. Secondarily Retroperitoneal Viscera
B. Retroperitoneal Viscera
The Ileum and the Jejunum are ___ organs attached to the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentary:
A. Intraperitoneal Viscera
B. Retroperitoneal Viscera
C. Secondarily Retroperitoneal Viscera
A. Intraperitoneal Viscera
Which two ducts empty together into the left side of the descending part of the duodenum, at the major duodenal papilla?
Common Bile Duct/Main Pancreatic Duct
In which region are Plicae Circulares of the small intestine most abundant? least abundant?
A. Ileum
B. Jejunum
C. Duodenum
B. Jejunum (most abundant)
A. Ileum (least abundant)
True or False: Both the plicae circulares (small intestine) and the rugae (stomach) primarily function to increase SA of their respective organ
True
____ is the opening for main pancreatic duct and common bile duct. It is also located in the descending region of duodenum.
Major duodenal papilla
The plicae circulares (circular folds) are formed by ____ and ____
mucosa; submucosa
____ and ___ form the villi of the small intestine
Epithelium; Lamina Propria
Between the villi of the small intestine, the epithelium deepens into lamina propria and forms tubular glands known as intestinal glands or _______
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Where does the Crypts of Lieberkuhn extend to?
Muscularis Mucosae
What are the two primary cells of the epithelial lining of the small intestine?
1) Goblet Cells
2) Enterocytes
True or False: Enterocytes are tall, absorptive cells forming simple columnar epithelium
True
The apex of enterocytes is covered with ___. Together, this creates the ___ border
microvilli; brush (striated) border
How do enterocytes increase the SA of the epithelium?
Microvilli
True or False: Goblet cells absorb nutrients from the lumen of the small intestine
False - the enterocytes function this way
Sugars and proteins pass into the ____ while the lipids pass into the central ___ in the core of the villus
blood capillaries; lacetal
Which cells are located BETWEEN enterocytes, have a basally located nucleus, and have secretory granules in the apical region?
Goblet cells
What do the secretory granules of goblet cells contain? What is the function of goblet cells?
Acid Glycoprotein
- To secrete granules, which will lubricate and protect intestinal lining
Goblet cells are joined to intestinal absorptive cells via ____junctions
tight junctions
_____ makes up the core of each intestinal villus
____: smooth
muscle that facilitates rhythmic
movements of villi
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae
True or False: Plicae circulares (circular folds) + Villi + Microvilli all increase absorption
True
Which part of the small intestine is shown here?
A. Duodenum
B. Jejunum
C. Ileum
B. Jejunum
Which part of the small intestine is shown here?
A. Duodenum
B. Jejunum
C. Ileum
C. Ileum
Which part of the small intestine is shown here?
A. Duodenum
B. Jejunum
C. Ileum
A. Duodenum
True or False: There are glands in the submucosa of the small intestines
False - there are no glands in submucosa of the small intestines
Where in the small intestines are Brunner’s glands located?
A. Duodenum - Muscularis Externa
B. Duodenum - Submucosa
C. Duodenum - Mucosa
B. Duodenum - Submucosa
Where in the small intestines are Peyer’s patches located?
A. Ileum - extends into Muscularis Externa
B. Ileum - extends into Submucosa
C. Ileum - extends into Mucosa
B. Ileum - extends into Submucosa
___: secreting alkaline mucous to neutralize the acidity from the
stomach
A. Auberbach’s Myenteric Plexus
B. Brunner’s Glands
C. Meissner’s Plexus
B. Brunner’s Glands
- Located in duodenum
Brunner’s Glands is located in the submucosa of the ____ while Crypt of Lieberkuhn is found in the mucosa of the ___/___
Brunner’s = submucosa/duodenum
Lieberkuhn = mucosa/duodenum+jejunum
Peyer’s patch—clusters of
lymphoid tissue—is located in the ___ of the small intestine and extends into the ____mucosa
lleum; submucosa
Adventitia covers the outer layer of the major part of the ____ while serosa makes up the outer layer of the ___/___
Adventitia = duodenum
Serosa = jejunum + ileum
True or False: Duodenum is retroperitoneal viscera while Jejunum and Ileum are Intraperitoneal viscera
True
Where in the small intestine are villi, enterocytes/goblet cells located?
A. Duodenum
B. Jejunum
C. Ileum
A. Duodenum
True or False: The histological organization of the intestine’s wall increases the surface contact between nutrients and absorptive epithelium
True
Label 1-6 of the large intestine:
Note: 1, 3, and 5 are covered by serosa (peritoneum)
____: three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers, located in the large intestine
Tenia Coli
____ are sacculations of the colon that bulge out between tenia coli
Haustra
_____: fat filled appendices
A. Haustra
B. Tenia Coli
C. Omental (Epiploic) Appendicies
C. Omental (Epiploic) Appendicies
The inner surface of the large intestine has mucosal folds known as:
A. Haustra
B. Tenia Coli
C. Omental (Epiploic) Appendicies
D. Semilunar folds (plicae semilunares)
D. Semilunar folds (plicae semilunares)
True or False: Mucosa of the large intestine and small intestine contain villi
False - large does not contain villi (but small does)
The surface epithelium of the large intestine invaginates into the lamina propria to form the intestinal gland of __________
glands of Lieberkuhn
___ of Lieberkuhn are found in the small intestine while ___ of Lieberkuhn are found in the large intestine
Crypts = small intestine
Glands = large intestine
In the large intestine:
the superior mesenteric artery splits into ___, ___, and ____
the inferior mesenteric artery splits into ___, ____, and ____
Superior Mesenteric Artery
1. Middle Colic a.
2. Right Colic a.
3. Ileocolic a.
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
1. Left Colic a.
2. Sigmoid a.
3. Superior Rectal a.
Compare contrast small vs. large intestine:
Small: has vili/crypts of Lieberkuhn
Large: NO villi/glands of Lieberkuhn; smooth
The surface of the large intestine is lined by ____ epithelium consisting of intestinal absorptive cells + goblet cells
simple, columnar epithelium
What are the dominant cell type in the large intestine?
Goblet
True or False: There are more goblet cells in the more distal regions of the large intestine
True
True or False: Glands are present in the submucosa of large intestine
False - there is NOT
Within the muscularis externa of the large intestine, there is an outer longitudinal layer that forms three separate longitudinal glands of smooth muscle known _____
taeniae coli
True or False: The myenteric plexus of the large intestine lies between the two muscle layers of the muscularis externa
True
The ileum enters the cecum at the ____. _____ guards the orfice.
Ileocecal orfice; ileocecal valve
Inflammation of which large intestine structure can lead to appendicitis?
Vermiform appendix
In which structure is water primarily absorbed?
A. Esophagus
B. Large intestine
C. Small intestine
B. Large intestine
The ascending colon contains the ____ flexure while the transverse colon contains the ___ and ___
Ascending colon = R colic flexure
Transverse colon = right (hepatic) and left (splenic) flexure
What is the largest and most mobile part of the large intestine?
Transverse colon
True or False: The rectum and anal canal are located within the false pelvis
False - they are located in the TRUE pelvis
Dilated submucosal vessels in the rectum suggest ____
Internal rectal hemorrhoids
What changes are seen in the epithelium at the anorectal junction
Defecation involves the action of voluntary muscles comprising the ____ sphincter
external anal sphincter
True or False: At the anorectal junction, the inner circular layers of the muscularis externa enlarge to form the internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle)
True
True or False: At the anorectal junction, the combined lamina propria-submucosal layer contains large, thin-walled veins. When veins dilate they are internal hemmorhoids
True
