Lecture 9 - Infant Formula

Question 1

what is the infant formula recommendation

Answer 1

if an infant is not breastfed, then an infant formula should be used until the infant is one year of age

Question 2

what are the three types of infant formula on the shelves

Answer 2

infant formula

follow on formula

infant formula products for special dietary use

Question 3

who is infant formula suitable for

Answer 3

infants 0 - <12 months

Question 4

who is follow on formula suitable for

Answer 4

infants 6 - <12 months

Question 5

in New Zealand infant formula is regulated under …

Answer 5

under standard 2.9.1 - Infant Formula Products and Schedule 29 - Special Purpose Foods in the Australian New Zealand Food Standards Code

Question 6

Standard 2.9.1 specifies the mandatory …..

Answer 6

nutrient content for infant formula and follow on formula to ensure that the nutrition requirements of infants aged up to 12 months are met

Question 7

standard 2.9.1 includes labelling requirements …..

Answer 7

for infant formula products and specifically prohibits some types of claims, images and symbols

Question 8

what is the purpose of the proposal P1028

Answer 8

to ensure infant formula remains safe, suitable and takes account of current science, market developments and the international regulatory context

Question 9

the proposal P1028 is a revision of what and when is the transition period

Answer 9

revision of 5 standards and 8 schedules, transition period of 5 years

Question 10

what are the key amendments of the P1028 proposal

Answer 10

• prohibiting cross contamination of other similar products on infant formula product labels
• mandating NIP to better assist caregivers in informed choice
• restriction on the sale of special medical purpose products, to ensure appropriate access and use

Question 11

majority of infant formula health claims are …..

Answer 11

poorly supported

Question 12

the Paleo DIY infant formula recipe was made from

Answer 12

liver, cod liver oil, bone broth and had no assurance for the safety, nutritional quality or appropriateness for infants

Question 13

what was the concerns with the Paleo DIY infant formula recipe

Answer 13

infants have immature GI tracts

the upper limits for vitamin A, high in sodium, protein and iron

also microbiological risks

Question 14

what did Pete Evens release in 2015

Answer 14

DIY infant formula

Question 15

what did Chelsea Winter release in 2020

Answer 15

she called it an alternative dairy free formula, which was then changed to toddler milk as it was not appropriate for infants

Question 16

what breast milk alternatives are not recommended for infants <12 months

Answer 16

• cows milk in replace of BM or formula
• plant based milk in replace of BM or formula
• evaporated milk
• condensed milk

Question 17

what are the two types of protein in infant formula

Answer 17

casein and whey

Question 18

which protein is digested more quickly and why is the other one slower

Answer 18

whey is quickly digested whereas casein forms curds that are more slowly digested, resulting in slower gastric emptying

Question 19

what is the casein : whey ratio of breast milk

Answer 19

40 : 60

Question 20

what is the casein : whey ratio of whey dominant formula

Answer 20

40 : 60

Question 21

what is the casein : whey ratio of casein dominant formula

Answer 21

80 : 20

Question 22

what is the dominant whey protein in breast milk

Answer 22

alpha-lactoalbumin (low levels in formula)

Question 23

what is the dominant casein in breastmilk

Answer 23

beta-casein (same as goats milk)

Question 24

what is the dominant whey protein in formula

Answer 24

beta-lactoglobulin (not found in breast milk)

Question 25

what is the dominant casein in cows milk formula

Answer 25

alpha casein

Question 26

soy formulas contain no ...

Answer 26

no cows milk, whey and casein

Question 27

what is the protein in soy based formulas

Answer 27

soy protein isolate

Question 28

soy protein isolate is highly digestable protein with high amounts of essential amino acids, it is supplemented with ....

Answer 28

supplemented with methionine, taurine and carnitine

Question 29

soy based formula is recommended for infants aged :

Answer 29

> 6 months

Question 30

protein content in breast milk vs formula

Answer 30

1.5g/100kcal breast milk 2.2g/100kcal formula

Question 31

what is the difference in weight gain for formula fed and breastmilk fed infants

Answer 31

formula fed tend to have greater weight gain faster than breastfed infants

Question 32

lactose intolerance is very .... in infants

Answer 32

lactose intolerance is very rare in infants

Question 33

how common and what are the symptoms of primary lactase enzyme deficiency

Answer 33

it is uncommon before 2-3 years of age symptoms : diarrhoea, cramps, bloating, vomiting and gas

Question 34

how common is secondary lactase enzyme deficiency

Answer 34

more common than primary lactase enzyme deficiency

Question 35

lactose free formulas generally contain what rather than lactose

Answer 35

corn-syrup solids rather than lactose

Question 36

the ratio of PUFA to saturated fat in milk affects ...... and facilitates ....

Answer 36

the ratio of PUFA to saturated fat in milk affects digestibility and facilitates absorption of calcium and fat from the gut

Question 37

In NZ infant formula must contain (fats)

Answer 37

linoleic and alphalinoleic acid within a specific ratio and range

Question 38

what are added to formulas at a cost to the consumer (premium formula or "gold")

Answer 38

LCPUFAs

Question 39

what are trans fatty acids

Answer 39

manufactured fats created during a process called hydrogenation, which is aimed at stabilising polyunsaturated oils to prevent them from becoming rancid and to keep them solid at room temperature

Question 40

main sources of fat in formula

Answer 40

vegetable oils, including corn, soy, safflower and coconut oil

Question 41

what are other optional substances that can be added to infant formula

Answer 41

- prebiotics - probiotics - choline - L-carnitine - inositol - nucleotides - lactoferrin - lutein - taurine

Question 42

organic infant formula should not contain

Answer 42

processed refined sugars palm oil DHA and ARA carrageenan synthetic preservatives synthetic nutrients

Question 43

in 2020 what was the revenue generated from infant formula exports and what is it expected to rise to in 2025

Answer 43

1.8 billion, expected to rise to 2.7 billion

Question 44

what is melamine

Answer 44

organic base chemical most commonly found in the form of white crystals rich in nitrogen

Question 45

why is malamine added to milk powder

Answer 45

to increase the volume

Question 46

what can formula be contaminated with

Answer 46

malamine and other things