Lecture 26 - Bone Health, Falls and Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

by what age is the skeleton completely hardened

A

25

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2
Q

how many bones are in the human body

A

206

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3
Q

bone resorption is the action of what

A

osteoclasts and parathyroid hormone

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4
Q

bone deposition is the action of what

A

osteoblasts and calcitonin

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5
Q

bone resorption and bone deposition is regulated by

A

thyroid and parathyroid glands

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6
Q

an osteoblast ….

A

forms new bone tissue

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7
Q

an osteoclast …..

A

breaks down old bone tissue

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8
Q

what plays vital roles in bone development, growth and repair

A

vitamin A, vitamin D, calcium and other hormones

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9
Q

rates of bone growth is highest when

A

infancy and pubertal growth spurt

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10
Q

velocity of bone growth doubles when

A

adolescence critical period

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11
Q

~40% of peak bone mass is laid down when

A

end of puberty

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12
Q

at age 20 what % of peak bone mass is attained

A

90-95%

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13
Q

what happens to bone mass after your mid 30s (also how does men and women bone mass change throughout their life)

A

you begin to slowly lose bone mass

women lose bone mass faster after menopause, but it happens to men too

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14
Q

what are the determinants of bone strength

A
  • bone mineral density
  • geometry
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15
Q

what is the most important effect of stress on the bone and what is this

A

strain

measurement of deformation of bone to external load

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16
Q

what is said about your ground reaction forces if you are lighter

A

the lighter you are the smaller your ground reaction forces are

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17
Q

peripheral skeleton bone strength is positively associated with what

A

total and dairy protein intake in healthy postmenopausal women

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18
Q

in elderly ……
- inadequate intake of protein
- reduced ability to use available protein
- greater need for protein

leads to what

A

loss of functionality

  • muscle
  • bone
  • immune system
19
Q

the RDA of 0.8g/kg BW is not adequate for elderly, what is recommended

A

1.1 - 1.3 g/kg BW

20
Q

what is the strategy to maximise and protect bone mass in children

A

achieve peak bone mass

21
Q

what is the strategy to maximise and protect bone mass in adults

A

maintain bone maass

22
Q

what is the strategy to maximise and protect bone mass in older adults

A

slowing bone loss

reducing falls and fractures

23
Q

osteoporosis NZ estimates how many older kiwis have broken a bone since their 50th birthday

24
Q

annually how many people sustain a hip fracture, and how many are admitted to hospital with other fractures

A

~3,700 hip fractures

~13,800 admitted to hospital with other fractures

25
what are the three types of osteoporosis
age associated / post menopausal idiopathic secondary
26
what are the risk factors of osteoporosis
family history
27
what are some diseases / genetics that are considered secondary risk factors for osteoporosis
- multiple myeloma - metastatic bone cancer - rheumatoid arthritis - pagets disease
28
what % of hip fractures are due to falls
>95%
29
what is the 5th leading cause of death in older adults
falls
30
what are some risks for falls in older adults
- muscle weakness - poor balance / physical activity - poor eyesight - benzodiazepine use
31
what are the risks for fractures in falls for older people
- failure to break a fall - falling to the side - age : increased risk of osteoporosis - low bone mass
32
a prior fracture at any skeletal sight does what
doubles future fracture risk
33
what does sarcopenia and osteoporosis lead to increased likeliness of
fracture
34
does NZ have strength and balance programs to prevent falls in elderly
yes
35
trials show what about vitamin D supplements and bone density
vitamin D supplements found to increase bone density
36
what is found from clinical trials about vitamin D supplements and non skeletal endpoints
not demonstrated benefits on muscle mass or function
37
calcium supplements in healthy individuals are ......
not needed nor required in most people receiving treatment for osteoporosis
38
current evidence says what about the use of vitamin D or Ca+ supplements in healthy community dwelling adults
evidence does not support although it may be warranted in frail older adults in nursing homes with low vitamin D
39
vitamin D supplementation is / isnt found to reduce risk of fractures
isnt
40
the findings of vitamin D supplementation not being effective may not apply to ....
individuals with very low 25(OH)D levels, gastrointestinal disorders causing malabsorption or those with osteoporosis
41
sarcopenia increases risk of ..... and osteoporosis increases risk of ....
sarcopenia increases risk of falls and osteoporosis increases risk of fractures they both link together
42
sarcopenia and osteoporosis share
an underlying pathology
43
what happens to the prevalence of osteoporosis in those with sarcopenia compared to those who dont
increased prevalence of osteoporosis in those with sarcopenia
44
co-occurrence (osteosarcopenia) is common and associated with a
higher degree of malnutrition than osteoporosis or sarcopenia alone