Lecture 21 - Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards
what is cardiovascular disease (CVD)
general term for all diseases of heart and blood vessels
what is coronary heart disease (CHD) - what is it also referred to as
also referred to as coronary artery disease (CAD) or Ischemic heart disease (IHD)
damage that occurs when blood vessels carrying blood to heart become narrow and blocked
what is cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
damage to arteries to the brain
what is peripheral vascular disease
narrowing of the arteries other than those supply the heart or brain
what is hypertension
high blood pressure
what is atherosclerosis
characterised by plaques along inner walls of arteries
why are rates of death from heart disease decreasing
- better control of major risk factors
- better evidence based treatments
what are the major risk factors that are in better control leading to decreasing rates of death from heart disease
- cholesterol
- systolic blood pressure
- smoking prevalence
what evidenced based treatments that are better leading to decreased heart disease deaths
diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
e.g phramacological treatment of hypertension, hypertension screening, bypass surgery, access to healthcare
what is the leading cause of death globally
coronary heart disease
what is the CVD mortality in maori compared to non maori
much higher in maori than non maori
compare the deaths from CVD in men in women
higher in men, but CVD is still the leading cause of death in women worldwide
1 in how many women die of heart disease or stroke compared to die of breast cancer
1 in 2 women will die of heart disease or stroke
1 in 25 women will die with breast cancer
age specific risk of CVD is lower in what gender
apparently lower in women, it is estimated presentation in women is on average 7 to 15 years later compared to men
what are some examples of irritants to blood vessels that can lead to the process of atherosclerosis and what do these do
high levels of LDL cholesterol, high blood pressure or toxins from smoking damages the blood vessel allows things to get in, once they are in the wall they start to be oxidised
as irritants enter blood vessels, what happens to them and what is sent in the process of atherosclerosis and what happens to them (what do they form)
they are oxidised, monocytes are sent
these monocytes will gobble up the cholesterol, they die because they are full of so much cholesterol and become what we call foam cells
in the process of atherosclerosis, what happens when dead macrophages accumulate, and what does this lead to
sends a message to the immune system and this will send more recruitment, so there is an ongoing process that causes increased inflammation and a build up of fatty tissue
in the process of atherosclerosis, build up of dead macrophages leads to increased inflammation and build up fatty tissue what happens after this
the next layer of the blood vessel, the smooth muscle layer will try to build around it to stop the blood vessel being exposed, this reduces the blood flow through the vessel, increasing blood pressure
along with growing around the inflammation what else will the smooth muscle do in the process of atherosclerosis
deposit some calcium to harden it, which is called a fibrous cap
making the blood vessel not as fluid as it was, again increasing blood pressure
what happens if all the inflammation covered in the blood vessel ruptures
all this inflammation and mess will enter the blood vessel
LDL cholesterol is an
irritant to start the atherosclerosis process
chylomicrons are full of
triglycerides
what is the function of chylomicrons
transport dietary lipids from intestine to peripheral tissues
what is the function of VLDL
transports lipids from liver to peripheral tissues
