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HUNT 243 > Lecture 3 - Pregnancy and Physiological Changes > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Pregnancy and Physiological Changes Flashcards

1
Q

what is ovulation

A

release of a mature egg from the ovary

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2
Q

what occurs at fertilisation

A

millions of sperm enter, but only around 300 make it to the egg and only one can fertilize the egg

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3
Q

what is formed during fertilization

A

zygote

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4
Q

what is a zygote

A

genetically complete (once the sperm and egg have combined)

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5
Q

after fertilization what will occur to the zygote, and what does this result in

A

cleavage will occur through the process of mitosis, ends up being a 16 stage cell morula

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6
Q

what is a morula, and what is its role

A

16 stage cell

  • this helps bring nutrients into the cell, it is filled with fluid
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7
Q

what will then happen to the morula

A

it will form blastocysts

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8
Q

what are the two types of blastocysts formed from the morula (and what will they develop into)

A
  • embryoblast : the fetus
  • trophoblast : the placenta
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9
Q

when does implantation usually occur and what happens

A

occurs around day 10

  • where the blastocyst will be implanted into the lining of the uterus and the embryo is formed
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10
Q

what does EDD stand for

A

estimated date of delivery

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11
Q

what is EDD usually counted from, and why is this used

A

typically counted from first day of last menstrual period (LMP)

  • 40 weeks from last menstrual period

usually because the date of conception is unclear

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12
Q

when can EDD be also counted from

A

38 weeks from conception

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13
Q

what is the dates of the first trimester

A

conception until the 12th week

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14
Q

what are the dates of the second trimester

A

13th to the 28th week

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15
Q

what are the dates of the third trimester

A

28th week until birth

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16
Q

what is considered a pre term birth

A

<37 weeks

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17
Q

what is considered a term birth

A

37-42 weeks

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18
Q

what is considered a post term birth

A

> 42 weeks

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19
Q

the placenta is a …. what organ

A

temporary organ

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20
Q

when does the placenta begin forming

A

at the implantation of the blastocyst

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21
Q

when is the placenta fully formed and what happens after this

A

fully formed by 18-20 weeks, but continues to grow throughout pregnancy

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22
Q

what are the functions of the placenta

A
  • carries oxygen, nutrients and antibodies from mother to fetus
  • carries waste materials including CO2 form fetus to mother
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23
Q

during pregnancy what happens with the placenta and hormones

A

the placenta takes over some of the hormone production from the ovaries

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24
Q

what does the umbilical vein do

A

carries oxygenated blood and nutrients to the fetus

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25
what does the umbilical artery do
removes deoxygenated blood back to the mother
26
what are teratogens
any agent that can disturb the development of an embryo or fetus
27
what may teratogens cause
may cause a birth defect or halt the pregnancy
28
what are some classes of teratogens
- radiation - maternal infections - chemicals - drugs
29
what hormones rise continually throughout pregnancy, and what takes over the production of these hormones
progesterone and estrogen, the placenta takes over the production of these hormones
30
what is prolactin known as
known as the milk hormone
31
during pregnancy there are high circulating levels of what hormone associated with milk and what does this hormone do
prolactin, changes the structure of the mammary gland from ductal to lobular-alveolar
32
what happens to parathyroid hormone during pregnancy and why
it is increased to enhance calcium uptake in the gut and reabsorption by the kidney (as the mother is developing another whole skeleton)
33
what happens to adrenal hormones during pregnancy
adrenal hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone increase
34
what is the hormone that is produced by the placenta only when pregnant
Human placental lactogen
35
what does human placental lactogen decrease and what does this do
decreases maternal insulin sensitivity and maternal glucose untilization, this raises maternal blood glucose levels, which helps ensures adequate fetal nutrition
36
what does human placental lactogen increase and what does this do
increases gluconeogenesis to increase maternal glucose levels so more glucose is available for the fetus
37
chronic hypoglycaemia leads to a rise in what and what does this induce
leads to a rise HPL (human placental lactogen), this induces lipolysis with the release of fatty acids which become available for the maternal organism as fuel
38
what can not cross the placenta
free fatty acids
39
what must be formed from the free fatty acids for it to be able to cross the placenta
ketone bodies must be formed from free fatty acids so that they can cross the placenta and be used by the fetus
40
what is the overall function of hormone placental lactogen
to help support fetal nutrition even in the case of maternal malnutrition
41
how much does blood volume increase on average during pregnancy
increases 40-45% (proportionally with cardiac output) - this would be greater if carrying multiple children
42
what blood volume increases first in pregnancy
plasma volume increases early in pregnancy and faster than RBC volume
43
what happens to hematocrit during pregnancy
falls until the end of the second trimester, when the increase in RBC is synchronized and which plasma volume increase and then hematocrit stabilizes
44
what is dilutional anemia and how does this occur
if plasma volume increases, hemoglobin will be lower dur to lower proportion of red blood cells therefore lower proportions of hemoglobin
45
increased plasma volume is needed for extra blood flow for what
extra blood flow to the uterus and metabolism for the fetus and increased circulation between organs, also the mother will lose a lot of blood during birth
46
why is constipation common in pregnancy
as pregnancy progresses, pressure from the enlarging uterus on the rectum and lower portion of the colon commonly causes consitpation
47
why does GI mobility decrease in pregnancy
elevated progesterone levels relax smooth muscle
48
heart burn and belching are common in pregnancy, possibly resulting from ....
delayed gastric emptying and gastroesophageal reflux due to relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter
49
what acid decreases during pregnancy
hydrochloric acid production decreases
50
what is morning sickness called
nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) or nausea in pregnancy only (NP)
51
when does morning sickness commonly occur in pregnancy
between 5-18 weeks of pregnancy
52
what is severe morning sickness
hyperemesis gravidarum
53
what is hyperemesis gravidarum accompanied by
weight loss, electrolyte imbalance and dehydration requiring hospitalisation
54
hyperemesis gravidarum is associated with poor outcomes like
like infants born with smaller brains or respiratory disorders
55
what is the hormone that is associated with NVP
Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15)
56
women with NP and NVP are more likely to develop what......., but do exhibit ...
more likely to develop pregnancy complications but do exhibit mostly favourable delivery and birth outcomes
57
ways to manage NVP
- eat what appeals - eat slowly and small amounts every 1-2 hours, avoid a full or an empty stomach - frequent small CHO meals, also evidence that consistent protein intake is key to prevent nausea
58
when experiencing NVP, fluids are better tolerated if ,......
if cold, clear, carbonated or sour
59
what are the recommendations for taking ginger to help with nausea in pregnancy
ginger shouldn't be taken throughout the whole pregnancy, at the start it can be used to help with nausea symptoms if the mother finds this helps, however shouldn't be taken throughout the whole pregnancy to minimize risk of the baby
60
what is the max amount of ginger safe for supplementation and when should it be taken
1 gram a day if supplementing, spread across the day to help with nausea
61
what is placental encapsulation
ingesting the placenta post birth
62
what are the suggested benefits to placentophagia
- improved lactation - prevent postpartum depression - relieve pain - bonding with your baby - increase iron stores - increasing energy
63
what are the concerns of placentophagia
- safe release of placenta from hospital setting - introducing harmful bacteria through processing

HUNT 243 (30 decks)

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