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HUNT 243 > Lecture 3 - Pregnancy and Physiological Changes > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Pregnancy and Physiological Changes Flashcards

1
Q

what is ovulation

A

release of a mature egg from the ovary

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2
Q

what occurs at fertilisation

A

millions of sperm enter, but only around 300 make it to the egg and only one can fertilize the egg

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3
Q

what is formed during fertilization

A

zygote

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4
Q

what is a zygote

A

genetically complete (once the sperm and egg have combined)

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5
Q

after fertilization what will occur to the zygote, and what does this result in

A

cleavage will occur through the process of mitosis, ends up being a 16 stage cell morula

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6
Q

what is a morula, and what is its role

A

16 stage cell

  • this helps bring nutrients into the cell, it is filled with fluid
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7
Q

what will then happen to the morula

A

it will form blastocysts

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8
Q

what are the two types of blastocysts formed from the morula (and what will they develop into)

A
  • embryoblast : the fetus
  • trophoblast : the placenta
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9
Q

when does implantation usually occur and what happens

A

occurs around day 10

  • where the blastocyst will be implanted into the lining of the uterus and the embryo is formed
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10
Q

what does EDD stand for

A

estimated date of delivery

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11
Q

what is EDD usually counted from, and why is this used

A

typically counted from first day of last menstrual period (LMP)

  • 40 weeks from last menstrual period

usually because the date of conception is unclear

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12
Q

when can EDD be also counted from

A

38 weeks from conception

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13
Q

what is the dates of the first trimester

A

conception until the 12th week

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14
Q

what are the dates of the second trimester

A

13th to the 28th week

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15
Q

what are the dates of the third trimester

A

28th week until birth

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16
Q

what is considered a pre term birth

A

<37 weeks

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17
Q

what is considered a term birth

A

37-42 weeks

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18
Q

what is considered a post term birth

A

> 42 weeks

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19
Q

the placenta is a …. what organ

A

temporary organ

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20
Q

when does the placenta begin forming

A

at the implantation of the blastocyst

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21
Q

when is the placenta fully formed and what happens after this

A

fully formed by 18-20 weeks, but continues to grow throughout pregnancy

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22
Q

what are the functions of the placenta

A
  • carries oxygen, nutrients and antibodies from mother to fetus
  • carries waste materials including CO2 form fetus to mother
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23
Q

during pregnancy what happens with the placenta and hormones

A

the placenta takes over some of the hormone production from the ovaries

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24
Q

what does the umbilical vein do

A

carries oxygenated blood and nutrients to the fetus

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25
Q

what does the umbilical artery do

A

removes deoxygenated blood back to the mother

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26
Q

what are teratogens

A

any agent that can disturb the development of an embryo or fetus

27
Q

what may teratogens cause

A

may cause a birth defect or halt the pregnancy

28
Q

what are some classes of teratogens

A
  • radiation
  • maternal infections
  • chemicals
  • drugs
29
Q

what hormones rise continually throughout pregnancy, and what takes over the production of these hormones

A

progesterone and estrogen, the placenta takes over the production of these hormones

30
Q

what is prolactin known as

A

known as the milk hormone

31
Q

during pregnancy there are high circulating levels of what hormone associated with milk and what does this hormone do

A

prolactin, changes the structure of the mammary gland from ductal to lobular-alveolar

32
Q

what happens to parathyroid hormone during pregnancy and why

A

it is increased to enhance calcium uptake in the gut and reabsorption by the kidney (as the mother is developing another whole skeleton)

33
Q

what happens to adrenal hormones during pregnancy

A

adrenal hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone increase

34
Q

what is the hormone that is produced by the placenta only when pregnant

A

Human placental lactogen

35
Q

what does human placental lactogen decrease and what does this do

A

decreases maternal insulin sensitivity and maternal glucose untilization, this raises maternal blood glucose levels, which helps ensures adequate fetal nutrition

36
Q

what does human placental lactogen increase and what does this do

A

increases gluconeogenesis to increase maternal glucose levels so more glucose is available for the fetus

37
Q

chronic hypoglycaemia leads to a rise in what and what does this induce

A

leads to a rise HPL (human placental lactogen), this induces lipolysis with the release of fatty acids which become available for the maternal organism as fuel

38
Q

what can not cross the placenta

A

free fatty acids

39
Q

what must be formed from the free fatty acids for it to be able to cross the placenta

A

ketone bodies must be formed from free fatty acids so that they can cross the placenta and be used by the fetus

40
Q

what is the overall function of hormone placental lactogen

A

to help support fetal nutrition even in the case of maternal malnutrition

41
Q

how much does blood volume increase on average during pregnancy

A

increases 40-45% (proportionally with cardiac output)
- this would be greater if carrying multiple children

42
Q

what blood volume increases first in pregnancy

A

plasma volume increases early in pregnancy and faster than RBC volume

43
Q

what happens to hematocrit during pregnancy

A

falls until the end of the second trimester, when the increase in RBC is synchronized and which plasma volume increase and then hematocrit stabilizes

44
Q

what is dilutional anemia and how does this occur

A

if plasma volume increases, hemoglobin will be lower dur to lower proportion of red blood cells therefore lower proportions of hemoglobin

45
Q

increased plasma volume is needed for extra blood flow for what

A

extra blood flow to the uterus and metabolism for the fetus and increased circulation between organs, also the mother will lose a lot of blood during birth

46
Q

why is constipation common in pregnancy

A

as pregnancy progresses, pressure from the enlarging uterus on the rectum and lower portion of the colon commonly causes consitpation

47
Q

why does GI mobility decrease in pregnancy

A

elevated progesterone levels relax smooth muscle

48
Q

heart burn and belching are common in pregnancy, possibly resulting from ….

A

delayed gastric emptying and gastroesophageal reflux due to relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter

49
Q

what acid decreases during pregnancy

A

hydrochloric acid production decreases

50
Q

what is morning sickness called

A

nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) or nausea in pregnancy only (NP)

51
Q

when does morning sickness commonly occur in pregnancy

A

between 5-18 weeks of pregnancy

52
Q

what is severe morning sickness

A

hyperemesis gravidarum

53
Q

what is hyperemesis gravidarum accompanied by

A

weight loss, electrolyte imbalance and dehydration requiring hospitalisation

54
Q

hyperemesis gravidarum is associated with poor outcomes like

A

like infants born with smaller brains or respiratory disorders

55
Q

what is the hormone that is associated with NVP

A

Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15)

56
Q

women with NP and NVP are more likely to develop what……., but do exhibit …

A

more likely to develop pregnancy complications but do exhibit mostly favourable delivery and birth outcomes

57
Q

ways to manage NVP

A
  • eat what appeals
  • eat slowly and small amounts every 1-2 hours, avoid a full or an empty stomach
  • frequent small CHO meals, also evidence that consistent protein intake is key to prevent nausea
58
Q

when experiencing NVP, fluids are better tolerated if ,……

A

if cold, clear, carbonated or sour

59
Q

what are the recommendations for taking ginger to help with nausea in pregnancy

A

ginger shouldn’t be taken throughout the whole pregnancy, at the start it can be used to help with nausea symptoms if the mother finds this helps,

however shouldn’t be taken throughout the whole pregnancy to minimize risk of the baby

60
Q

what is the max amount of ginger safe for supplementation and when should it be taken

A

1 gram a day if supplementing, spread across the day to help with nausea

61
Q

what is placental encapsulation

A

ingesting the placenta post birth

62
Q

what are the suggested benefits to placentophagia

A
  • improved lactation
  • prevent postpartum depression
  • relieve pain
  • bonding with your baby
  • increase iron stores
  • increasing energy
63
Q

what are the concerns of placentophagia

A
  • safe release of placenta from hospital setting
  • introducing harmful bacteria through processing

HUNT 243 (17 decks)

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