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HUNT 243 > Lecture 17 - Adolescent Nutrition > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Adolescent Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what are the adolescent years

A

period of life between 11 and 19 years

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2
Q

energy and nutrient needs to support physical growth in adolescence are second only to those during

A

infancy

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3
Q

during adolescence they are more independent with

A

food choices

  • they are not fed, they eat
  • choose to go out, not sent out to play
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4
Q

what are the social pressures in adolescence

A
  • body image
  • alcohol
  • drug use
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5
Q

pace of growth in adolescence …

A

speeds up abruptly and dramatically, significantly increase energy, protein and micronutrient needs

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6
Q

in adolescence, the sequence of change is ….

A

relatively predictable, but timing is highly variable

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7
Q

what is chronological age

A

out actual age, how old we are

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8
Q

what is biological age

A

more reflective of where we are in terms of growth and development, cells and tissues in the body

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9
Q

there are distinct growth patterns between

A

genders

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10
Q

growth and development during adolescence dictates

A

nutrition needs

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11
Q

sexual maturation is what driven

A

hormonal driven, affecting every organ in the body

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12
Q

what are the concerns during adolescence growth and development

A

under nutrition, over nutrition and micronutrient deficiencies

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13
Q

there are distinct differences in what in terms of body composition of males and females

A

differences in skeletal system, lean body mass and fat stores between genders

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14
Q

as much as what % of body weight is gained during adolescence

A

as much as 50% adult body weight is gained during adolescence

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15
Q

females gain a much larger % of

A

body fat

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16
Q

females need what % body fat for menarche

A

17%

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17
Q

females need what % body fat to maintain normal menstruation

A

25%

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18
Q

female body fat peaks between years

A

15-16

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19
Q

males gain more what than females

A

more lean body mass

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20
Q

males gain on average how many kg per year (during peak weight gain)

A

9kg per year

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21
Q

males have an average of what % body fat by the end of puberty

A

12% body fat

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22
Q

generally the adolescent growth spurt lasts about

A

2-3 years

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23
Q

females adolescent growth spurt begins at

A

9.5-14.5 years

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24
Q

males adolescent growth spurt begins at

A

11.5-16 years

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25
Q

females adolescent growth spurt generally ends around

A

16 years

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26
Q

males adolescent growth spurt generally ends around

A

17.5 years

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27
Q

the average gain in cm of females in adolescent growth spurt is

A

25cm

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28
Q

the average gain in cm of males in adolescent growth spurt is

A

28cm

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29
Q

low energy availability is defined as

A

mismatch between a persons energy intake and the energy expended in exercise, leaving inadequate energy to support the functions required by the body to maintain optimal health and performance

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30
Q

what is adequate energy availability

A

continually adapting energy intake to match training load

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31
Q

what is intentional low energy availability

A

restricting energy intake in the hope that becoming even leaner might improve performance

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32
Q

what is unintentional low energy availability

A

failing to increase energy intake to match a higher training load

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33
Q

both males and females can be affected by low energy availability, what can lead to this

A
  • personality traits (perfectionism)
  • social pressure
  • pressure from coaches, parents
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34
Q

what athletes have a higher prevalence of low energy availability

A

recreational athletes have a higher prevalence compared to elite athletes

(top level athletes may be more aware and also more likely to have a support system around them to prevent this)

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35
Q

what type of sports have a higher prevalence of low energy availability

A

sports with emphasis on leanness and physique

e.g gymnastics and figure skating

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36
Q

what other type of sport is LEA common

A

endurance sports

e.g distance running, triathlons, cycling

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37
Q

to prevent LEA, ensure adequate energy intake in relation to exercise needs….. how

A
  • regular meals, snacks and recovery options that are appropriate in energy and nutrients
  • energy intake should be modified to reflect variations in training
  • avoid prolonged periods without eating
  • intake meets demands of the sport
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38
Q

puberty is a what period

A

transitional period

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39
Q

what matures during puberty

A

reproductive system

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40
Q

girls typically mature in puberty how many years before boys

A

2.5 years earlier

41
Q

what is the approx onset of puberty in females

A

9 years

42
Q

what is the approx onset of puberty in males

A

11 years

43
Q

what are the Tanner Stages

A

sexual maturity - rating by stages

5 point scale ranging from pre-adolescent to mature adult

44
Q

what is the sexual maturity of females

A
  • pubic hair
  • breast development
  • menarche
45
Q

what is the sexual maturity of males

A
  • pubic hair
  • genitalia development
46
Q

what snacking / eating behaviours increase during adolescence

A

snacking, skipping meals, eating cheap foods are common

47
Q

what factors are associated with high snacking in adolescence

A

picky eaters, screen time, very active, time poor, obesity

48
Q

what factors are associated with low snacking in adolescence

A

dieting, longer sleeping, body dissatisfaction

49
Q

snacking more commonly translates to ….

A
  • higher overall energy intake
  • greater proportion of energy from sugar and saturated fat
  • lower vegetable and fruit intake
50
Q

foods high in fat, sugar and salt provide few

A

vitamins and minerals, and are non essential in the diet

51
Q

foods high in fat, sugar and salt are. ……

A

energy dense and nutrient poor

52
Q

on average high fat, sugar and salt(HFSS) food contribute to what % of total energy expenditure in 5-14 year olds

A

20%

53
Q

HFSS recommendation

A

“limit high fat, sugar and salt (HFSS) food and drinks to occasional (less than once a week) consumption only”

54
Q

energy needs in adolescence is ……. in the lifecycle with the exception of

A

greatest in the lifecycle, with the exception of pregnancy and lactation

55
Q

what is important to know about optimal energy and nutrient intakes for adolescence

A

most are extrapolated from adult data = so it is important to take into account individual needs

56
Q

nutrient needs rise through childhood, then …

A

peak in adolescence and then level off or even diminish with adulthood

57
Q

it is difficult to determine optimal energy intake, it is influenced by

A

by BMR (basal metabolic rate) and PAL (physical activity level)

58
Q

prediction equations can be used to

A

estimate energy needs

59
Q

what is the recommendation for carbohydrates for adolescence

A

45-65% of total energy

  • wholegrain breads and cereals
  • vegetables, legumes, whole fruit
60
Q

what is the recommendation for fat for adolescence

A

fat is 20-35% of total energy

<10% total energy from saturated fat and trans fat

  • focus on mono and polyunsaturated fats
  • vegetable oils, nuts, avocado
61
Q

what is the recommendation for protein for adolescence

A

protein is 15-25% of total energy

  • lean meat, poultry, seafood, eggs, milk products, legumes, tofu etc
62
Q

iron needs are greatest during

A

periods of rapid growth

63
Q

what are the periods where iron needs are highest

A
  • adolescent growth spurt (rapid linear growth)
  • increase in blood volume (due to increase in height)
  • onset of menarche
64
Q

iron deficiency risk is higher in

A
  • young people with restricted diets
  • young women with high blood losses
  • pregnant teens
65
Q

recommendations for iron in adolescence is based on

A

dietary iron needed to maintain iron storage levels + support the growth and development needs of adolescence

66
Q

what is a main nutrient concern during adolescence

A

iron deficiency anaemia
- can delay or impair growth

  • can result in fatigue
67
Q

is it common for adolescences to not meet their needs for what nutrient

A

calcium, particularly common in those avoiding dairy - particularly milk

68
Q

calcium needs and rates of absorption are ….. during adolescence, except

A

except in infancy, calcium needs and rates of absorption are higher during adolescence

69
Q

calcium is crucial to

A

adolescent growth and development as well as blood clotting, cardiac and nerve function

70
Q

usually around how much calcium is absorbed, what does this increase to in periods of peak growth

A

usually 30%, increases to 50-60% in periods of peak growth

71
Q

when do females have greater ability to absorb calcium

A

greater ability to absorb calcium at the time of menarche, then decrease

72
Q

calcium absorption peaks when in males

A

peaks during early adolescence in males, although this happens later than females

73
Q

what is the RDI for calcium in adolescence

A

1,300mg/day

74
Q

a study found approx how many young people had adequate calcium intake

A

1 in 3 young people

75
Q

if choosing fortified milk alternatives aim for ones that

A

have 120mg calcium per 100ml

76
Q

vitamin D is a ….. and enhances

A

vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin, enhancing calcium absorption and important for bone health

77
Q

what is the main source of vitamin D

A

sunlight

78
Q

there are what dietary sources of vitamin D and what does this mean

A

there are few dietary sources of vitamin D so adequate status is unlikely to be achieved through diet alone

79
Q

fortification of foods with vitamin D is what in NZ

A

voluntary

80
Q

there are many factors contributing to bone health, such as

A

lifestyle factors, genetics and nutrition

81
Q

about what % of peak bone mass is accrued during adolescence

A

50%

82
Q

who accrues more bone mass during adolescence

A

males acrue more than females

83
Q

what % peak bone mass is present by age 18

A

> 90%

84
Q

at least what % of adult bone mineral is acquired during the 4 year period surrounding peak heigh velocity (~12y females, ~14y males)

A

26%

85
Q

an individual will draw on their what for their entire life

A

peak bone mass

86
Q

bone loss later in life occurs due to

A

menopause

87
Q

what happens to immobilised or non weight bearing individuals

A

rapidly lose bone mass
- importance of skeletal loading for bone health

88
Q

bone mineral acquisition requires

A

forces that vary in intensity and are dynamic

89
Q

physical activity is important for bone mass but is also modified by

A

nutrition : adequate fuelling, calcium, vitamin D

90
Q

what is the evidence of the associations between obesity and bone mass

A

contradictory evidence

91
Q

what is the potential association between obesity in childhood and lumbar BMD in adulthood

A

potential positive association

92
Q

drop of what hormone is common in low energy availability

A

drop in oestrogen

93
Q

what is the name of the issue that is characterised by oestrogen deficiency

A

primary ovarian insufficiency

94
Q

those with primary ovarian insufficiency have lower

A

bone mineral density compared with regular menstruating women

95
Q

what is primary ovarian insufficiency

A

when the ovaries stop working before the age of 40

96
Q

what is functional hypothalamic amenorrhea in adolescence

A

adolescent who doesnt get their period

97
Q

what could functional hypothalamic amenorrhea be a result of

A
  • low energy
  • excessive exercise
  • stress
98
Q

a study found that amenorrhea for at least 6 months owing to weight loss, in the absence of eating disorder of stress, resulted in

A

vertebral bone mineral density of 2 standard deviations below the mean

HUNT 243 (30 decks)

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