Lecture 14 - Toddler and Preschool Nutrition Flashcards
what is the age of a toddler
children aged between 1 and 3 years
what happens to growth velocity in toddlers
it slows
what happens with toddlers appetite
coinciding with slowing growth
in toddlers there is a rapid increase in gross and fine motor skills with subsequently …….
subsequently increases in independence, exploration and language
what are gross motor skills
use of large muscle groups exhibited as walking along, running, walking up stairs, hopping, skipping
what are fine motor skills
smaller muscle groups demonstrated by stacking objects, scribbling, copying shapes
there is a dramatic development in language between what ages in toddlers
18 to 24 months
what is preschool age
between ages 3 to 5 years
what increases at pre school age
characterised by increasing autonomy
at pre school age there is an increased need for
rituals / regularity = they like to know what is happening next
pre school kids have a drive to
be independent
there are increasing fine motor and visual coordination with pre school age kids, what are examples of these
- use cups and utensils
- prefer to eat with their hands
- happy self feeding and exploring new tastes
from 12 months, infants should be eating
the same foods as the rest of the family = family foods
what should be offered with meals for toddlers
offer water or milk with meals
what remains a concern for toddlers
choking remains a concern
what are foods that are often banned from kids lunches
- nuts and seeds
- hard or chewy sweets, marshmallow
- sausages and saveloys
- dried fruit
- popcorn
what is important about meal times with toddlers
routine and regular meals are important
parents often what with portion sizes for toddlers
often overestimate portion sizes
we should allow children to ask for …….
ask for more of something on offer on their plate, don’t have a large overwhelming plate
we should offer toddlers a variety of
foods
what are the recommended servings from MOH for vegetables for toddlers
2-3 servings
what are the recommended servings from MOH for fruit for toddlers
half a serving
what are the recommended servings from MOH for grain foods for toddlers
4 servings
what are the recommended servings from MOH for protein / legumes etc for toddlers
1 serving
what are the recommended servings from MOH for milk and milk products for toddlers
1-1.5 servings
why is cows milk as a drink for toddlers important
important for toddlers as it provides energy, protein, calcium, riboflavin and vitamin B12
what type of cows milk is recommended for a drink for toddlers
whole (dark blue) cows milk
what milks should not be used before 2 years of age and why
reduced fat milks should not be used before 2 years of age due to childs high energy requirement
toddlers should not have more than how many mls milk per day
350 ml per day
why should toddlers not have more than 350ml per day
low in iron
displaces nutrient rich foods in the diet
previously toddlers were recommended not to have more than 500ml of cows milk, and now it is decreased to
350ml
toddler milks are what
cows milk based drinks that are fortified with minerals and vitamins such as iron iodine, vitamin D and Vitamin C
what are toddler milks promoted as
promoted as alternatives to cows milk (“nutritionally superior”) for infants over the age of 12 months
what does the MoH say about toddler milks
they do not recommend them
why does the MoH currently not recommend toddler milks
- can continue a childs preference for milk : limits variety in foods
- achieving optimal nutrition from a variety of foods is important to set up healthy eating behaviours
- they are expensive
fruit juice should not be
sipped throughout the day
or as a means to calm an upset child
AAP (american academy of paediatrics) recommends no more than how much fruit juice a day for toddlers
120ml
there is a lack of knowledge about feeding toddlers what
lack of knowledge on safety of caffeine or sweeteners under 5 years of age
what are some characteristics of toddler behaviour
- the emergence of “no
- easily distracted
- learning to self regulate (includes their eating behaviour)
- over stimulation
- shyness and fear of strangers
- biting, pinching and hair pulling
what are food jags
selective , fussy , picky eaters
toddlers displaying selective eating is
common in toddlers and normal part of child development
do we know why toddlers go through selective eating periods
no we dont 100% know, could be some sort of protective mechanism possibly or their drive to be independent
how to create a confident eater and reduce the fussy eating
- through how we manage meal times
- through responsive feeding
what is responsive eating with a toddler
- sit with your baby or toddler while they eat or drink, include them in family mealtimes
- from a young age, encourage your child to feed themselves
what is the historic way of feeding children that is no longer recommended
finishing everything on your plate
why is responsive feeding important
- helps with their natural ability to self regulate their food intake and appetite
- relaxed mealtimes creates positive eating experiences
- family meal times means that older family members can role model
what is the division of responsibility that was suggested by Ellyn Satter
parent chooses what, when and where the child eats
child chooses whether and how much they eat
in the division of responsibility what are the responsibilities of the parent
- choose and prepare the food
- provide regular snacks and meals
- make eating times pleasant
- show children how to behave at meal times
- be considerate of children’s lack of food experience without catering to likes and dislikes
- let children grow up and get bodies that are right for them
in the division of responsibility what are the responsibilities of the child
- children will eat
- they will eat the amount they need
- they will learn to eat the food their parents eat
- they will grow predictably
- they will learn to behave well at mealtime
tips to prevent fussy eating
- ensure they are hungry when they sit down to a meal
- provide small portions with a variety of offerings
- provide plenty of opportunities to try foods
- avoid pressure and stress at mealtimes
- have adults role model eating the food and talk positively about the food
other ways to prevent fussy eating
- praise the child when they try a new food
- reward with stickers
- resist the temptation to replace the offered food with a favourite food
- end the meal within reasonable time (for example 30 mins) and clear plate away without comment
how to introduce new foods to a selective eater
- provide a testing plate
- offer new foods with accepted foods
- get the child involved in the kitchen
- older family members role model mealtime eating
- repeated exposure
- no stress, make mealtimes enjoyable
food rewards are typically
energy dense and nutrient por, containing added sugar, fat and / or salt in combinations that maximise palatability
a review of data to date said that sweets may decrease
decrease the preference for the foods kids already like, and increase their preference for the reward food
what is recommended about food rewards
recommended that should not be used in order to make children eat everyday, well accepted foods
watching Tv while eating makes it difficult for young children to
recognise their fullness cues and can lead to over eating
and for them to eat responsively
screen time can be tempting for
fussy eaters to make them eat but shouldn’t be used
what is said about the transition from a high chair in toddlers
no recommendation but anywhere from 18 months to 3 years
the transition from high chair is often accelerated by
older siblings - desire to be a big kid
how many out of 10 toddlers consumed discretionary foods in the OzFits study
9/10
- discretionary foods contributed to 13% of total energy intake
what are discretionary foods
foods high in energy, saturated fat, salt and / or sugar
what was a key finding about sodium in the Ozfit study and what could this mean for them later in life
1/3 toddlers consumed > upper limit (1000mg/day)
this may influence preferences for salty foods into adulthood, high sodium intake is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
