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HUNT 243 > Lecture 15 - Child Nutrition > Flashcards

Lecture 15 - Child Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what is the age of middle childhood

A

5-10 years

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2
Q

what is the age of pre-adolescence

A

girls = 9-11 years
boys = 10-12 years

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3
Q

what % of the total NZ population is 0-14 years

A

19.3%

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4
Q

what % of the NZ population is 0-4 years

A

6.2%

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5
Q

what % of the NZ is 5-9 years

A

6.7%

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6
Q

what % of the NZ population is 10-14 years

A

6.4%

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7
Q

how many children are aged :
0-14 =
0-4 =
5-9 =
10-14 =

A

0-14 = 946,400
0-4 = 305,030
5-9 = 327,910
10-14 = 313,510

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8
Q

how many days does it take for a child to develop into an adult

A

8,000 days

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9
Q

what are the three phases crucial to health during school age

A

middle childhood growth (5-9 years)

adolescent growth spurt (10-14 years)

adolescent growth phase (15-19 years)

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10
Q

what are a constraint on development (particularly in developing countries) in middle childhood growth

A

infection and malnutrition constraint on development

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11
Q

what happens at adolescent growth spurt (10-14 years)

A

BMI increases rapidly

substantial physiological and behavioural changes

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12
Q

what happens at adolescent growth phase (15-19 years)

A
  • further brain reconstructing (particularly the prefrontal cortex)
  • increase exploration, experimentation
  • increased behaviours that are lifelong determinants of health
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13
Q

a healthy diet facilitates

A
  • physical social / emotional and cognitive development
  • nutrients and health
  • steady growth
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14
Q

what is the physiological development in childhood

A
  • time of continued growth and development
  • muscular strength, motor coordination and stamina increase
  • lower nutrient needs in relation to body size than during early childhood
  • during middle childhood, boys have more lean body mass and height than girls
  • body fat reaches a minimum then increases in preparation for adolescent growth spurt
  • changes in body fat are normal
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15
Q

changes in cognitive development in childhood

A
  • self efficacy : knowledge of what to do and how to do
  • changes from magical thinking to concrete operations
  • develops a sense of self
  • more independent and learning family roles
  • peer relationships become more important
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16
Q

growth for both boys and girls is pretty linear until what age

A

until the age of 8 or 9

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17
Q

by age 8 what happens to growth in boys and girls

A

the rate of growth for boys begin to slow, but for girls it stays high

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18
Q

at age 11 girls are usually (height)

A

2cm taller than boys

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19
Q

from age 11 what happens to growth in boys and girls

A

girls growth slows and boys increases

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20
Q

bye age 13 boys are (height)

A

taller than girls

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21
Q

girls reach their finial adult height at around

A

16 years

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22
Q

boys reach their peak height at around

A

18, and are on average 13cm taller

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23
Q

why is periodic monitoring of growth important

A

early prevention / intervention of conditions that impact growth

24
Q

is there standard population monitoring of growth in childhood

25
what are the WHO growth references for children aged 5-19
- weight for age (5-10) - height for age (5-19) - BMI for age (5-19)
26
what are the CDC growth reference data for 2-20 years
- stature for age (2-20years) - weight for age (2-20 years) - BMI for age (2-20 years)
27
WHO BMI for age growth charts are constructed using
historical data
28
what is the most commonly used growth chart in NZ
WHO BMI for age growth chart
29
WHO BMI for age growth charts are not
not a diagnostic tool, never use in isolation
30
BMI is not a direct measure of ...... but ..
not a direct measure of fatness but can be considered a proxy - good at identifying heavier kids
31
BMI for age correlates with clinical risk factors for
CVD
32
BMI differs by
age and gender
33
can the same BMI cut offs be used for children and adults, why ?
no, because children are still growing so can not use the same cutoffs throughout every period of childhood
34
what are the pros of BMI assessment in childhood
- simple and appropriate field tool for screening for unhealthy weight - indirect measure of adiposity - appropriate age and sex specific reference data for children - WHO recommends use in all ethnic groups - a good tool for predicting later obesity
35
what are the cons of BMI assessment in childhood
- not a good measure of body fat in all individuals - single BMI measure does not show change in adiposity - reference data does not include Maori or Pacifika children - as used worlds reference data
36
percentile indicates
the percentages of observations that fall below a certain value
37
z score is the
distance and direction of an observation away from the population mean
38
higher BMI trajectories in early childhood lead to
higher BMI in later childhood
39
higher BMI trajectories lead to
higher BMI in adulthood
40
what is the prevalence of obesity in New Zealand children
13.5%
41
which subgroup have the highest prevalence of obesity
10-14 years (15.2%)
42
main complications of obesity in childhood
- type 2 diabetes - cardiovascular disease - increased risk of some types of cancers - physical disability - sleep apnoea orthopaedic pain - psychosocial problems - adult obesity - impaired fertility
43
contributing factors to childhood obesity
- genes - parental overweight / obesity - demographics - birth weight - infancy weight gain - nutrition - sleep - environmental - behavioural
44
New Zealand data suggests what are the strongest predictors of childhood obesity
- maternal pre-pregnancy BMI - paternal BMI - maternal smoking during pregnancy - infancy weight gain (high birth weight, rapid weight gain)
45
there is a strong correlation between screen time and
obesity in children and adolescents
46
what are the main mechanisms of the relationship between screentime and childhood obesity
- increased eating while using screens - reduced energy expenditure - food advertising on screens - change to sleep routines
47
satiety responsiveness / slowness in eating and food fussiness in children were
negatively associated with body weight
48
food responsiveness, enjoyment of food, emotional overeating and desire to drink were
positively associated with weight
49
children who are obese tend to eat
faster than their non obese counterparts
50
what are the 4 steps of clinical guidelines for weight management in NZ children and young people
1. monitor 2. assess 3. manage 4. maintain
51
what is the monitor step in clinical guidelines for weight management in NZ children and young people
measure and monitor height and weight and determine BMI. Brief intervention if over 91st centile, aim to act before it reaches 98th centile
52
what is the assess step in clinical guidelines for weight management in NZ children and young people
collect full history and clinical exam and try to identify contributing factors so an appropriate intervention can be implemented
53
what is the manage step in clinical guidelines for weight management in NZ children and young people
aim to slow weight gain so that children 'grow into their weight'. involvement of whanau is key and focus on FAB
54
what is the maintain step in clinical guidelines for weight management in NZ children and young people
long term follow up and monitoring of growth - contact and support
55
a healthy weight for one child might
be quite different for another

HUNT 243 (30 decks)

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