Lecture 9 Flashcards
5’ UTR or 3’ UTR do not …, they are …
code for amino acids; untranslated
(functions of proteins) antibody: bind to specific … for protection of body/cell (e.g. immunoglobulin)
foreign particles
(functions of proteins) enzyme: carry out … and assist with … of … by reading genetic information (e.g. kinase)
chemical reactions; formation of new molecules
(functions of proteins) messenger: transmit … to coordinate .. .(e.g. thyroxin)
signals; biological processes
(functions of proteins) structural: provide … and … for cells and allow for … (e.g. actin)
structure; support; movement
(functions of proteins) transport/storage: … and … molecules throughout cells (e.g. kinesin)
bind; carry
(functions of proteins) proteins: large biological molecules composed of a sequence of …, perform a wide variety of …
… amino acids are coded for by the genetic code
amino acids; biological functions; 20
translation: … creation = messenger RNA produced by transcription is decoded by a … to produce a specific amino acid chain, or …, that will later … into an active protein
protein; ribosome complex; polypeptide; fold
translation converts the the information in mRNA into a polypeptide. This process moves in the … to … direction on the mRNA strand. Because there are 64 possible codons and only 20 amino acids, most amino acids are coded for by …
5’; 3’; multiple codons
There are multiple stop codons, which signal … of translation. The start codon, …, codes for …
termination; AUG; methionine
The mRNA molecule is often longer than the … Need punctuation to identify where coding region … and …: start, stop
protein-coding region; begins; ends
RNA outside of the translated area is called … (UTR): …- to left of the start codon, …-to the right of the stop codon
untranslated; 5’ UTR; 3’ UTR
Reading frame: a way of …. the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) molecule into a set of …, ….
dividing; consecutive, non-overlapping triplets
If you know your sequence includes the beginning of the protein-coding region, find the … (…) to determine how to establish the …
start codon; AUG; reading frame
three letter sequences of nucleotides, called …, code for amino acids
codons
adapter molecules called … hold the amino acids and facilitate addition of the … to the …
transfer RNAs; amino acids; growing polypeptide
During translation, the mRNA and tRNAs are brought together by a … called a …
protein-RNA complex; ribosome
Each tRNA molecule has a specific amino acid at one end and a …, known as an …, at the other. The nucleotides in the … pair with the codons on the mRNA
nucleotide triplet; anticodon; anticodon
tRNAs are short, around .. nucleotides long
80
initiation of translation: the … binds the mRNA and the … binds the start codon. The large ribosomal subunit is brought to the site by … to form the … This process requires energy provided by the …
small ribosomal subunity; initiator tRNA; initiation factors; Translation Initiation complex; hydrolysis of GTP
all cells in a multicellular organism have the … Different cell types produce different ..
same DNA; sets of proteins
Not all cells have the same amount of …
individual RNAs
differential transcription leads to different … expressed in different cell types
amount of proteins
regulation of gene expression controls the … of a protein produced in response to an … or …
… results in more proteins being produced; while … results in fewer proteins being produced
quantity; external condition; stimulus; up-regulation; down-regulation
(regulation of gene expression) each gene has a …, the DNA sequence where the enzyme … binds and begins transcription … in the 5’ to 3’ direction
promoter; RNA polymerase; downstream
(regulation of gene expression) … sequences are regulatory DNA sequences, that, when bound by specific proteins called …, enhance the … of an associated gene
enhancer; transcription factors; transcription
(regulation of gene expression) … is the most common form of gene control, and the activity of … allows genes to be specifically regulated during development and in different types of cells
regulation of transcription; transcription factors
(regulation of gene expression) transcription factors: cell proteins that help determine … should be transcribed and precisely … the transcription process should occur
which DNA sequences; when
(regulation of gene expression) transcription factors are proteins involved in the process of … into … They have … domains that give them the ability to bind to specific sequences of DNA called … or … sequences
transcribing DNA; RNA; DNA-binding; enhancer; promoter
(regulation of gene expression) basic transcription: some transcription factors bind to a DNA promoter sequence near the …. and help form the …
transcription start site; transcription initiation complex
(regulation of gene expression) tissue-specific transcription: other transcription factors bind to .., such as enhancer sequences, and can either … or … of the related genes. These regulatory sequences can be thousands of base pairs … or … from the gene being transcribed
regulatory sequences; stimulate; repress; upstream; downstream
the action of transcription factors allows for … of each gene in different cell types and during …
Regulation of transcription: …, …
unique expression; development; repressors; activators
DNA sequences contain signals used by transcription factors to both … or … transcription
activate; suppress
binding of repressor proteins on the mRNA …
blocks translation
repressor proteins are what allow for
downregulation
