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Concepts of Bio > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

5’ UTR or 3’ UTR do not …, they are …

A

code for amino acids; untranslated

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2
Q

(functions of proteins) antibody: bind to specific … for protection of body/cell (e.g. immunoglobulin)

A

foreign particles

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3
Q

(functions of proteins) enzyme: carry out … and assist with … of … by reading genetic information (e.g. kinase)

A

chemical reactions; formation of new molecules

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4
Q

(functions of proteins) messenger: transmit … to coordinate .. .(e.g. thyroxin)

A

signals; biological processes

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5
Q

(functions of proteins) structural: provide … and … for cells and allow for … (e.g. actin)

A

structure; support; movement

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6
Q

(functions of proteins) transport/storage: … and … molecules throughout cells (e.g. kinesin)

A

bind; carry

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7
Q

(functions of proteins) proteins: large biological molecules composed of a sequence of …, perform a wide variety of …
… amino acids are coded for by the genetic code

A

amino acids; biological functions; 20

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8
Q

translation: … creation = messenger RNA produced by transcription is decoded by a … to produce a specific amino acid chain, or …, that will later … into an active protein

A

protein; ribosome complex; polypeptide; fold

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9
Q

translation converts the the information in mRNA into a polypeptide. This process moves in the … to … direction on the mRNA strand. Because there are 64 possible codons and only 20 amino acids, most amino acids are coded for by …

A

5’; 3’; multiple codons

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10
Q

There are multiple stop codons, which signal … of translation. The start codon, …, codes for …

A

termination; AUG; methionine

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11
Q

The mRNA molecule is often longer than the … Need punctuation to identify where coding region … and …: start, stop

A

protein-coding region; begins; ends

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12
Q

RNA outside of the translated area is called … (UTR): …- to left of the start codon, …-to the right of the stop codon

A

untranslated; 5’ UTR; 3’ UTR

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13
Q

Reading frame: a way of …. the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) molecule into a set of …, ….

A

dividing; consecutive, non-overlapping triplets

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14
Q

If you know your sequence includes the beginning of the protein-coding region, find the … (…) to determine how to establish the …

A

start codon; AUG; reading frame

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15
Q

three letter sequences of nucleotides, called …, code for amino acids

A

codons

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16
Q

adapter molecules called … hold the amino acids and facilitate addition of the … to the …

A

transfer RNAs; amino acids; growing polypeptide

17
Q

During translation, the mRNA and tRNAs are brought together by a … called a …

A

protein-RNA complex; ribosome

18
Q

Each tRNA molecule has a specific amino acid at one end and a …, known as an …, at the other. The nucleotides in the … pair with the codons on the mRNA

A

nucleotide triplet; anticodon; anticodon

19
Q

tRNAs are short, around .. nucleotides long

A

80

20
Q

initiation of translation: the … binds the mRNA and the … binds the start codon. The large ribosomal subunit is brought to the site by … to form the … This process requires energy provided by the …

A

small ribosomal subunity; initiator tRNA; initiation factors; Translation Initiation complex; hydrolysis of GTP

21
Q

all cells in a multicellular organism have the … Different cell types produce different ..

A

same DNA; sets of proteins

22
Q

Not all cells have the same amount of …

A

individual RNAs

23
Q

differential transcription leads to different … expressed in different cell types

A

amount of proteins

24
Q

regulation of gene expression controls the … of a protein produced in response to an … or …
… results in more proteins being produced; while … results in fewer proteins being produced

A

quantity; external condition; stimulus; up-regulation; down-regulation

25
Q

(regulation of gene expression) each gene has a …, the DNA sequence where the enzyme … binds and begins transcription … in the 5’ to 3’ direction

A

promoter; RNA polymerase; downstream

26
Q

(regulation of gene expression) … sequences are regulatory DNA sequences, that, when bound by specific proteins called …, enhance the … of an associated gene

A

enhancer; transcription factors; transcription

27
Q

(regulation of gene expression) … is the most common form of gene control, and the activity of … allows genes to be specifically regulated during development and in different types of cells

A

regulation of transcription; transcription factors

28
Q

(regulation of gene expression) transcription factors: cell proteins that help determine … should be transcribed and precisely … the transcription process should occur

A

which DNA sequences; when

29
Q

(regulation of gene expression) transcription factors are proteins involved in the process of … into … They have … domains that give them the ability to bind to specific sequences of DNA called … or … sequences

A

transcribing DNA; RNA; DNA-binding; enhancer; promoter

30
Q

(regulation of gene expression) basic transcription: some transcription factors bind to a DNA promoter sequence near the …. and help form the …

A

transcription start site; transcription initiation complex

31
Q

(regulation of gene expression) tissue-specific transcription: other transcription factors bind to .., such as enhancer sequences, and can either … or … of the related genes. These regulatory sequences can be thousands of base pairs … or … from the gene being transcribed

A

regulatory sequences; stimulate; repress; upstream; downstream

32
Q

the action of transcription factors allows for … of each gene in different cell types and during …
Regulation of transcription: …, …

A

unique expression; development; repressors; activators

33
Q

DNA sequences contain signals used by transcription factors to both … or … transcription

A

activate; suppress

34
Q

binding of repressor proteins on the mRNA …

A

blocks translation

35
Q

repressor proteins are what allow for

A

downregulation

Concepts of Bio (34 decks)

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