Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

5’ UTR or 3’ UTR do not …, they are …

A

code for amino acids; untranslated

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2
Q

(functions of proteins) antibody: bind to specific … for protection of body/cell (e.g. immunoglobulin)

A

foreign particles

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3
Q

(functions of proteins) enzyme: carry out … and assist with … of … by reading genetic information (e.g. kinase)

A

chemical reactions; formation of new molecules

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4
Q

(functions of proteins) messenger: transmit … to coordinate .. .(e.g. thyroxin)

A

signals; biological processes

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5
Q

(functions of proteins) structural: provide … and … for cells and allow for … (e.g. actin)

A

structure; support; movement

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6
Q

(functions of proteins) transport/storage: … and … molecules throughout cells (e.g. kinesin)

A

bind; carry

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7
Q

(functions of proteins) proteins: large biological molecules composed of a sequence of …, perform a wide variety of …
… amino acids are coded for by the genetic code

A

amino acids; biological functions; 20

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8
Q

translation: … creation = messenger RNA produced by transcription is decoded by a … to produce a specific amino acid chain, or …, that will later … into an active protein

A

protein; ribosome complex; polypeptide; fold

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9
Q

translation converts the the information in mRNA into a polypeptide. This process moves in the … to … direction on the mRNA strand. Because there are 64 possible codons and only 20 amino acids, most amino acids are coded for by …

A

5’; 3’; multiple codons

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10
Q

There are multiple stop codons, which signal … of translation. The start codon, …, codes for …

A

termination; AUG; methionine

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11
Q

The mRNA molecule is often longer than the … Need punctuation to identify where coding region … and …: start, stop

A

protein-coding region; begins; ends

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12
Q

RNA outside of the translated area is called … (UTR): …- to left of the start codon, …-to the right of the stop codon

A

untranslated; 5’ UTR; 3’ UTR

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13
Q

Reading frame: a way of …. the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) molecule into a set of …, ….

A

dividing; consecutive, non-overlapping triplets

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14
Q

If you know your sequence includes the beginning of the protein-coding region, find the … (…) to determine how to establish the …

A

start codon; AUG; reading frame

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15
Q

three letter sequences of nucleotides, called …, code for amino acids

A

codons

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16
Q

adapter molecules called … hold the amino acids and facilitate addition of the … to the …

A

transfer RNAs; amino acids; growing polypeptide

17
Q

During translation, the mRNA and tRNAs are brought together by a … called a …

A

protein-RNA complex; ribosome

18
Q

Each tRNA molecule has a specific amino acid at one end and a …, known as an …, at the other. The nucleotides in the … pair with the codons on the mRNA

A

nucleotide triplet; anticodon; anticodon

19
Q

tRNAs are short, around .. nucleotides long

20
Q

initiation of translation: the … binds the mRNA and the … binds the start codon. The large ribosomal subunit is brought to the site by … to form the … This process requires energy provided by the …

A

small ribosomal subunity; initiator tRNA; initiation factors; Translation Initiation complex; hydrolysis of GTP

21
Q

all cells in a multicellular organism have the … Different cell types produce different ..

A

same DNA; sets of proteins

22
Q

Not all cells have the same amount of …

A

individual RNAs

23
Q

differential transcription leads to different … expressed in different cell types

A

amount of proteins

24
Q

regulation of gene expression controls the … of a protein produced in response to an … or …
… results in more proteins being produced; while … results in fewer proteins being produced

A

quantity; external condition; stimulus; up-regulation; down-regulation

25
(regulation of gene expression) each gene has a ..., the DNA sequence where the enzyme ... binds and begins transcription ... in the 5' to 3' direction
promoter; RNA polymerase; downstream
26
(regulation of gene expression) ... sequences are regulatory DNA sequences, that, when bound by specific proteins called ..., enhance the ... of an associated gene
enhancer; transcription factors; transcription
27
(regulation of gene expression) ... is the most common form of gene control, and the activity of ... allows genes to be specifically regulated during development and in different types of cells
regulation of transcription; transcription factors
28
(regulation of gene expression) transcription factors: cell proteins that help determine ... should be transcribed and precisely ... the transcription process should occur
which DNA sequences; when
29
(regulation of gene expression) transcription factors are proteins involved in the process of ... into ... They have ... domains that give them the ability to bind to specific sequences of DNA called ... or ... sequences
transcribing DNA; RNA; DNA-binding; enhancer; promoter
30
(regulation of gene expression) basic transcription: some transcription factors bind to a DNA promoter sequence near the .... and help form the ...
transcription start site; transcription initiation complex
31
(regulation of gene expression) tissue-specific transcription: other transcription factors bind to .., such as enhancer sequences, and can either ... or ... of the related genes. These regulatory sequences can be thousands of base pairs ... or ... from the gene being transcribed
regulatory sequences; stimulate; repress; upstream; downstream
32
the action of transcription factors allows for ... of each gene in different cell types and during ... Regulation of transcription: ..., ...
unique expression; development; repressors; activators
33
DNA sequences contain signals used by transcription factors to both ... or ... transcription
activate; suppress
34
binding of repressor proteins on the mRNA ...
blocks translation
35
repressor proteins are what allow for
downregulation