Lecture 8

Question 1

Polymerase Chain Reaction is a basic tool for … (creating more copies) of … of DNA

Answer 1

amplifying; specific stretches

Question 2

the steps of the polymerase chain reaction mimic what occurs during ..
It begins with … to separate the strands. It is then cooled and … are added. They are …, and … synthesizes the strands from primers

Answer 2

DNA replication; heating; primers; hybridized; DNA polymerase

Question 3

The DNA polymerase used for PCR is … bc it can withstand higher temperatures without denaturing

Answer 3

taq polymerase

Question 4

PCR produces many copies of the tartgeted region of DNA. This differs from cellular DNA replication, which results in … of the entire genome

Answer 4

one copy

Question 5

two categories of genetic change to surface proteins on influenza:

• …: constant mutation gradually changes their amino acid composition. Replicating (copying) and transcribing DNA or RNA are .. processes. Such ‘errors’ result in …
• …: one of the genes or RNA strands is substituted with a gene or stand from another influenza virus from a different animal host. This happens when viruses manage to infect a host that they do not …

Answer 5

antigenic drift; error-prone; mutations; antigenic shift; usually infect

Question 6

central dogma of molecular biology = explanation of the …

… –> … –> …

Answer 6

flow of genetic information; DNA; RNA; protein

Question 7

protein:
primary structure: …
secondary structure: … bonding
tertiary structure: …

Answer 7

amino acid chain; R-group; 3D folding

Question 8

overview of steps of gene expression, from gene to protein synthesis:
DNA –> … –> … —> …

Answer 8

pre-mRNA; mRNA; polypeptide

Question 9

Transcription (DNA –> RNA):

initiation: when strands … and … attaches
elongation: when the strand is …

Answer 9

separate; RNA polymerase; actually formed

Question 10

sense strand/coding strand: the strand that the mRNA is …

template strand/non-coding strand/ anti-sense strand: the strand that the mRNA is …

Answer 10

the same as; complementary to

Question 11

RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of DNA in the … to … direction. The new strand of RNA is built in the … to … direction

Answer 11

3’; 5’; 5’; 3’

Question 12

prokaryotes don’t have … and they therefore have a … copying process. transcription occurs in the …

Answer 12

introns; faster; cytoplasm

Question 13

in eukaryotes, before translation can occur, .. must be removed and the … combined to form …

Answer 13

introns; exons; mature mRNA

Question 14

RNA splicing is catalyzed by …

Answer 14

small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

Question 15

RNA processing removes …, and … together using structures called …, and a … and … are added to the transcript

Answer 15

introns; splices exons; spliceosomes; 5’ cap; poly A 3’ tail

Question 16

the RNA processing with the Poly A tail indicates the …. and … of the RNA transcript and signals that RNA is ready to … the nucleus

Answer 16

stability; translation; exit

Question 17

cells sometimes regulate which … are included in the mRNA during RNA processing, which can result in different … being produced as a result of gene expression

Answer 17

exons; amino acid sequences

Question 18

transcription-prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes:
for prokaryotes transcription occurs in the …, but it occurs in the … in eukaryotes. For prokaryotes the transcriptional unit is …, for eukaryotes its .. Both require …. Prokaryotes … undergo splicing, wherease eukaryotes … Prokaryotes have … where eukaryotes do not

Answer 18

cytoplasm; nucleus; several genes; one gene; RNA polymerase; do not; do; coupled translation