Lecture 15 Flashcards
DFTD is a cancer, which is characterized by … In order to understand DFTD, we first need to understand how cells …
abnormal cell division; divide normally
2n means …, which indicates … sets of chromosomes
n means …, which indicates … sets of chromosomes
diploid; 2; haploid; 1
homologous chromosomes contain DNA that codes for … Both chromosomes have all the same … in the same …, but different … of those genes
the same genes; genes; locations; versions
scientists use … to study chromosomes
karyotypes
karyotype = … and … of chromosomes in a eukaryotic nucleus
number; appearance
each eukaryotic organism has two types of cells: … and … cells
most cells are … (have two copies of each chromosome) and are called … cells
somatic; germ; diploid; somatic; diploid; somatic
germ cells produce … (one copy of each chromosome) and are the only cells that can undergo … as well as …
haploid gametes; meiosis; mitosis
humans have … chromosomes: … autosomes and … sex chromosomes.
46; 44; 2
human karyotyping is sometimes done to detect the presence of … associated with medical problems
chromosomal abnormalities
the portion of the cell cycle that involves cell division is by far the … cells do not spend most of their time …
shortest; dividing
some cells stay in the … phase until induced to … This is where … function takes place
G0; divide; normal cellular
G0 is
cell cycle arrest
G1: cellular contents, excluding the …, are ….
chromosomes; duplicated
S: each of the … is …. by the cell
46 chromosomes; duplicated
G2: the cell “…” the duplicated chromosomes for …, making any needed …
double checks; error; repairs
interphase:
G1, S, G2
Some cells (like nerve and eye cells) do not … and stay in the … phase
divide; G0
after mitosis, there are now 2 … cells … to the original cell
daughter; identical
Walter Flemming was the first to record the process of
mitosis
… and … are replicated in the S phase. After their replication, chromosomes … into …
chromosomes; centromeres; condense; sister chromatids
Mitosis: cell division in which one cell divides to produce …, each with the identical … of the parent cell
2 daughter cells; genetic information
In the G1 phase: the chromosomes remain … so genes can be …
S phase: the chromosomes … and consist of two …
extended; accessed; replicate; sister chromatids
(mitosis) prophase: the chromosomes …
condense
(mitosis) pro-metaphase: chromosomes .. further and each chromatid develops a …. that attaches to …
condense; kinetochore; microtubules
(mitosis) metaphase: the chromosomes … at the … of the dividing cell
line up; equator
(mitosis) anaphase: the spindle … the sister chromatids are then ….
pulls the chromosomes apart; dragged to opposite ends of the cell
(mitosis) telophase: the chromosomes … and the … reforms, completing chromosome segregation
uncoil; nuclear membrane
(mitosis) cytokinesis: the … of the two daughter cells …
cytoplasm; divides
(mitosis) the process of separating duplicated chromosomes, occurs in a series of phases that are part of the cell cycle. A dividing cell passes through each of these phases in sequence. The cellular machinery that actually pulls chromosomes apart is known as the
mitotic spindle.
(mitosis) interphase:
each chromosome replicates in …, resulting in two sister chromatids connected at the …
chromosomes are loosely gathered in the …
late interphase; centromere; nucleus
(mitosis) interphase: includes
G1, S, G2
(mitosis) prophase: replicated chromosoms begin to …, the nuclear membrane begins to …, … of the mitotic spindle begin to form
coil up; disassemble; protein fibers
(mitosis) prometaphase: chromosomes … to … them, making it easier to …
… attach to chromosomes on both sides at the … region
condense; shorten; separate; spindle fibers; centromere
(mitosis) metaphase: spindle fibers from opposite ends of the cell …,chromosomes are aligned along the …
pull on chromosomes; middle of the cell
(mitosis) anaphase: spindle fibers … and pull … to … ends of the cell
shorten; sister chromatids; opposite
(mitosis) telophase: an identical set of chromosomes reaches each pole, … disassemble, … forms around each set of chromosomes, forming the daughter cell …
spindle fibers; nuclear membrane; nuclei
