Lecture 5

Question 1

epidemic: the occurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a given … or among a … over a particular period of time

Answer 1

area; specific group of people

Question 2

pandemic: an epidemic occurring over a … (several countries or continents) and usually affecting a … of the population

Answer 2

very wide area; large proportion

Question 3

influenza type … is responsible for annual ..

Answer 3

A; epidemics

Question 4

Influenza type A is responsible for devastating pandemics:
1918 …
1957 …
1968 …

Answer 4

spanish flu; asian flu; hong kong flu

Question 5

… is caused by the influenza virus

Answer 5

the flu

Question 6

viruses are …, … parasites

Answer 6

submicroscopic (cant be seen in normal microscope); obligate intracellular

Question 7

virus particles are produced from the assembly of … and they themselves do not … or undergo …

Answer 7

preformed components; grow; divisoin

Question 8

viruses lack the genetic information that encodes apparatus necessary for the generation of … or for …

Answer 8

metabolic energy; protein synthesis (ribosomes)

Question 9

bacteriophage structure: DNA in a … with … and …

Answer 9

capsid; capsomere; glycoproteins

Question 10

retrovirus structure: genetic info inside …, along with …., covered by a … that contains …

Answer 10

capsid; reverse transcriptase; viral envelope; glycoproteins

Question 11

influenza is an … virus: assigned to one of the 12 families based on …, …, and nature of … genome

Answer 11

RNA; envelope; capsid; RNA

Question 12

flu viruses are named by the type of

Answer 12

surface proteins

Question 13

surface proteins for flu virus
hemagglutinin (H spike): trimer, helps virus ….
Neuraminidase (N spike): tetramer, helps virus …

Answer 13

enter cell; exit cell

Question 14

flu virus named like such 
A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2)
the first letter is the influenza ...
the second word is the ... 
the third number is the ... number
the fourth number is the year of ...
and the thing in parentheses show the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase ...

Answer 14

type; geographic source; isolate; isolation; subtypes

Question 15

key to influenza are glycoprotein spikes (…)

hemagglutinin- .. subtypes; most important … factor; binds to …

Answer 15

surface proteins; 18; virulence; host cells

Question 16

neuraminidase: … subtypes; hydrolyzes … and assists … and …

Answer 16

11; mucus; viral budding; release

Question 17

an influenza virus infects a host cell when HA grips onto … on the cell surface

Answer 17

glycans

Question 18

after influenza virus binds, the cell engulfs it by …, and the viral contents are released. Viral RNA enters the nucleus where it is … by the viral RNA polymerase. Viral mRNA is used to make viral proteins and the new viral particles are made and released into the extracellular fluid. the cell continues to make the new virus

Answer 18

endocytosis; replicated;

Question 19

some viruses …. whereas other viruses do not

Answer 19

integrate their genome into the host genome

Question 20

lytic cycle: the phage DNA is repicated and new phages are made. The cell then …, releasing the phages

Answer 20

lyses

Question 21

lysogenic: the phage DNA becomes …, and the cell divides, passing …. to daughter cells. Under stressful conditions, the phage is excised and enters the lytic cycle

Answer 21

incorporated into host genome; prophage DNA

Question 22

two categories of genetic change to surface proteins; … and …

Answer 22

antigenic drift; antigenic shift

Question 23

antigenic drift: constant … gradually changes … composition

Answer 23

mutation; amino acid

Question 24

antigenic shift: one of the genes or RNA strands is … with a gene or strand from another influenza virus from a ,,,

Answer 24

substituted; different animal host

Question 25

antigenic drift: gradual accumulation of mutations in the genes that code for …-binding sites, allowing the HA to escape …

Answer 25

antibody; neutralizing antibodies

Question 26

antigenic shift involves … of genetic information

Answer 26

reassortment

Question 27

tamiflu inhibits …, preventing the virus from detaching from the host cell, blocking further infection

Answer 27

NA

Question 28

vaccines help develop immunity by imitating an

Answer 28

infection

Question 29

the primary method of controlling viral disease is by …, which is intended to prevent outbreaks by … to a virus or virus family

Answer 29

vaccination; building immunity

Question 30

vaccines may be prepared using …, …, or molecular subunits of the virus. the killed viral vaccines and subunit viruses are both incapable of …

Answer 30

live viruses; killed viruses; causing disease

Question 31

the killed viruses and viral subunits can trigger the immune system to produce … when a future infection of a live virus happens, the human immune system will have a stored memory of these antibodies and will be able to quickly produce them and eliminate the virus

Answer 31

antibodies

Question 32

… and … cells are important parts of your body’s immune system that identify and remember foreign cells by their particular … (…/…)

Answer 32

B; T; antigens; surface molecules; proteins

Question 33

vaccines trigger the immune system to produce … to a particular antigen. Antibodies prevent a virus from …

Answer 33

antibodies; binding to its target