Lecture 16 Flashcards
normally, damaged cells undergo
programmed cell death
cell cycle checkpoints: during the cell cycle, a system of … regulates a cell’s progress. checkpoints prevent a cell from … until it accurately finishes the current stage
checkpoints; progressing
apoptosis: when a normal cell sustains irreparable damage, it undergoes … This prevents cells from producing more ….
programmed cell death; damaged daughter cells
G2-M transition checkpoints:
influenced by: …, DNA .., DNA …
cell size; damage; replication
Metaphase-Anaphase transition influenced by:
…
chromosome attachments to spindle
Restriction point at G0, start of mitosis influenced by: …, …, …, and …
growth factors; nutrients; cell size; DNA damage
cancer is a group of diseases characterized by … and spread of … if the spread is not controlled, it can result in death
uncontrolled growth; abnormal cells
tumor: an abnormal … or … new growth of tissue that possesses no physiological function and arises from … usually rapid ….
benign; malignant; uncontrolled; cellular proliferation
benign: this is not …, does not …, it can eventually become … in some cases
cancer; spread; malignant
malignant: this is …, has the potential to … to other parts of body
cancer; spread
differences between benign and malignant tumors:
benign has … nucleus, malignant has … nucleus
the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic volume for benign is …, for malignant it’s …
the nuclear shape for benign is …, for malignant … (… shape)
mitotic index for benign …, for malignant …
tissue organization for benign is …, for malignant …
differentiation for benign …., for malignant … (…)
tumor boundary for benign …, for malignant …
small; large; low; high; regular; pleomorphic; irregular; low; high; normal; disorganized well; poor; anaplastic; well defined; poorly defined
how to tell between normal vs cancerous melanoma: A: ... B: ... C: ... D: ... E: ...
asymmetry; border; color; diameter; evolving
tumors initiate when normal cells ….in a way that allows them to form tumors
change
initiation of tumor entails …, promotion of tumor entails …
tumor progression occurs via a … or … change, followed by …. and …, a process which repeats
mutation; cell proliferation; mutation; epigenetic; proliferation; selection
if an individual inherits a … mutation in a cancer-associated gene, this person’s cells will be one step closer to cancer from the very beginning
germ-line
tumors can become metastatic if they … from where they first formed, travel through the … or …, and form … in other parts of the body
break away; blood; lymph system; new tumors
is cancer a genetic disease? PRO arguments: chemicals cause .... that cause cancer some cancers are associated with ... some types of cancer run in ...
CON arguments:
if a cancer is inherited, every cell in the body should become …
most cancers do not …
mutations; chromosomal abnormalities; families; cancerous; run in families
cancer is a … disease, but it is not …
genetic; inherited
cancer arises from the … of genetic changes (mutations)
accumulation
most cancers have a minimum of .. different genes mutated
6-9
cancer is not a … disease-we do not … to offspring
hereditary; pass on cancer
we can inherit .. (…) to cancer
dispositions; susceptibility
many genes that are mutated in cancer are involved in
regulating the cell cycle
Knudson’s Two-Hit hypothesis: gene mutations may be … or … during a person’s life
sporadic cancer: …. mutations
hereditary cancer: … and … mutation
inherited; acquired; 2 acquired; 1 inherited; 1 acquired
a proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become an … due to mutations or …
oncogene; increased expression
an oncogene is a gene that has the potential to …
cause cancer
a tumor suppressor gene, or …, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. when this gene mutations to cause a … or … in its function, the cell can progress to …, usually in combination with other genetic changes
antioncogene; loss; reduction; cancer
gain-of-function mutation: produces a … or causes a trait to appear in … or at … in development. This can happen if the mutant gene shows .. levels of … than the normal gene
new trait; inappropriate tissues; inappropriate times; higher levels; express
loss-of-function mutation: produces a … or causes a trait to appear in … or at … in development. This can happen in the mutant gene produces the …, or …. at all
new trait; inappropriate tissues; inappropriate times; wrong protein; no protein
genes that drive cancer: … genes and …:
… and … of cell growth and division
… is an example of a tumor suppressor gene
… is an example of a proto-oncogene
tumor suppressor; proto-oncogenes; Retinoblastoma; hRAS
some viruses can hijack … and lead to …
host DNA; cancer
Peyton Rous discovered … and Charles Brenton Huggins discovered … treatment of prostatic cancer
they discovered the cellular origin of …
tumor-inducing viruses; hormonal; retroviral oncogenes
the host cell proto-oncogene was called .. and the Rous sarcoma viral oncogene was called …
oncogenes arise as a result of … that increase the … or … of a protooncogene
c-src; v-src; mutations; expression level; activity
during the cell cycle, proteins regulate whether the cell is ready to … or if the cell requires additional time to repair DNA damage before progressing. The proteins that regulate these checkpoints are made by … and … Accumulated mutations in these types of genes cause …
continue to the next stage; proto-oncogenes; tumor suppressor genes
proto-oncogenes signal cells to … through the cell cycle at appropriate times. mutations in these genes cause them to be …, causing too much …
progress; overstimulated; cell division
tumor suppressor genes signal cells to … the cell cycle to … mutations in these genes cause them to be …, allowing damaged cells to …
pause; fix mistakes; under-expressed; divide inappropriately
some proto-oncogenes like Her2 produce proteins that enable the cell to respond to … that tell the cell to divide
external signals
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are … genes that produce … proteins
tumor suppressor genes; DNA repair
tumor suppressor genes like … produce proteins that can induce … instead of allowing the cell to progress through the cell cycle
p53; apoptosis
some tumor suppressor genes make proteins that … the cell cycle when cell division is not required
suppress
several ways by which a protooncogene could become an oncogene:
a) …
b) …
c) …
d) local …
e) …
point mutation; gene amplification; chromosomal translocation; DNA rearrangements; insertational mutagenesis
normal receptor: during normal receptor activation, binding of a … to its receptor promotes the clustering of two receptor molecules, thereby causing the … activity of each receptor to catalyze phosphorylation of the adjacent receptor
growth factor; tyrosine kinase
mutant receptor: some oncogenes code or mutant receptors whose … is permanently …, others can be missing its … exhibiting activity even in the absence of …
tyrosine kinase; growth factor binding site; growth factor
amplified receptor: amplified oncogenes produce normal … but in …, which also leads to …
receptors; excessive quantities; excessive receptor activity
DFTD tumor cells are characterized by … with … genes compared to normal cells
abnormal chromosomes; rearranged genes
Boveri’s early predictions: In 1914, theodor boveri put forth his hypothesis that the abnormal growth characteristics of tumor cells might be due to abnormal numbers of … within the tumor cells, a phenomenon called …
chromosomes; aneuploidy
acquired capabilites of cancer:
- evading …
- … in growth signals
- … to anti-growth signals
- … invasion and …
- limitless … potential
- sustained …
apoptosis; self-sufficiency; insensitivity; tissue; metastasis; replicative; angiogenesis
