Lecture 16 Flashcards
normally, damaged cells undergo
programmed cell death
cell cycle checkpoints: during the cell cycle, a system of … regulates a cell’s progress. checkpoints prevent a cell from … until it accurately finishes the current stage
checkpoints; progressing
apoptosis: when a normal cell sustains irreparable damage, it undergoes … This prevents cells from producing more ….
programmed cell death; damaged daughter cells
G2-M transition checkpoints:
influenced by: …, DNA .., DNA …
cell size; damage; replication
Metaphase-Anaphase transition influenced by:
…
chromosome attachments to spindle
Restriction point at G0, start of mitosis influenced by: …, …, …, and …
growth factors; nutrients; cell size; DNA damage
cancer is a group of diseases characterized by … and spread of … if the spread is not controlled, it can result in death
uncontrolled growth; abnormal cells
tumor: an abnormal … or … new growth of tissue that possesses no physiological function and arises from … usually rapid ….
benign; malignant; uncontrolled; cellular proliferation
benign: this is not …, does not …, it can eventually become … in some cases
cancer; spread; malignant
malignant: this is …, has the potential to … to other parts of body
cancer; spread
differences between benign and malignant tumors:
benign has … nucleus, malignant has … nucleus
the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic volume for benign is …, for malignant it’s …
the nuclear shape for benign is …, for malignant … (… shape)
mitotic index for benign …, for malignant …
tissue organization for benign is …, for malignant …
differentiation for benign …., for malignant … (…)
tumor boundary for benign …, for malignant …
small; large; low; high; regular; pleomorphic; irregular; low; high; normal; disorganized well; poor; anaplastic; well defined; poorly defined
how to tell between normal vs cancerous melanoma: A: ... B: ... C: ... D: ... E: ...
asymmetry; border; color; diameter; evolving
tumors initiate when normal cells ….in a way that allows them to form tumors
change
initiation of tumor entails …, promotion of tumor entails …
tumor progression occurs via a … or … change, followed by …. and …, a process which repeats
mutation; cell proliferation; mutation; epigenetic; proliferation; selection
if an individual inherits a … mutation in a cancer-associated gene, this person’s cells will be one step closer to cancer from the very beginning
germ-line
tumors can become metastatic if they … from where they first formed, travel through the … or …, and form … in other parts of the body
break away; blood; lymph system; new tumors
is cancer a genetic disease? PRO arguments: chemicals cause .... that cause cancer some cancers are associated with ... some types of cancer run in ...
CON arguments:
if a cancer is inherited, every cell in the body should become …
most cancers do not …
mutations; chromosomal abnormalities; families; cancerous; run in families
cancer is a … disease, but it is not …
genetic; inherited
cancer arises from the … of genetic changes (mutations)
accumulation
most cancers have a minimum of .. different genes mutated
6-9
cancer is not a … disease-we do not … to offspring
hereditary; pass on cancer
we can inherit .. (…) to cancer
dispositions; susceptibility
many genes that are mutated in cancer are involved in
regulating the cell cycle
Knudson’s Two-Hit hypothesis: gene mutations may be … or … during a person’s life
sporadic cancer: …. mutations
hereditary cancer: … and … mutation
inherited; acquired; 2 acquired; 1 inherited; 1 acquired
