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Concepts of Bio > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

normally, damaged cells undergo

A

programmed cell death

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2
Q

cell cycle checkpoints: during the cell cycle, a system of … regulates a cell’s progress. checkpoints prevent a cell from … until it accurately finishes the current stage

A

checkpoints; progressing

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3
Q

apoptosis: when a normal cell sustains irreparable damage, it undergoes … This prevents cells from producing more ….

A

programmed cell death; damaged daughter cells

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4
Q

G2-M transition checkpoints:

influenced by: …, DNA .., DNA …

A

cell size; damage; replication

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5
Q

Metaphase-Anaphase transition influenced by:

…

A

chromosome attachments to spindle

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6
Q

Restriction point at G0, start of mitosis influenced by: …, …, …, and …

A

growth factors; nutrients; cell size; DNA damage

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7
Q

cancer is a group of diseases characterized by … and spread of … if the spread is not controlled, it can result in death

A

uncontrolled growth; abnormal cells

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8
Q

tumor: an abnormal … or … new growth of tissue that possesses no physiological function and arises from … usually rapid ….

A

benign; malignant; uncontrolled; cellular proliferation

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9
Q

benign: this is not …, does not …, it can eventually become … in some cases

A

cancer; spread; malignant

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10
Q

malignant: this is …, has the potential to … to other parts of body

A

cancer; spread

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11
Q

differences between benign and malignant tumors:
benign has … nucleus, malignant has … nucleus
the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic volume for benign is …, for malignant it’s …
the nuclear shape for benign is …, for malignant … (… shape)
mitotic index for benign …, for malignant …
tissue organization for benign is …, for malignant …
differentiation for benign …., for malignant … (…)
tumor boundary for benign …, for malignant …

A

small; large; low; high; regular; pleomorphic; irregular; low; high; normal; disorganized well; poor; anaplastic; well defined; poorly defined

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12
Q 
how to tell between normal vs cancerous melanoma: 
A: ... 
B: ... 
C: ...
D: ...
E: ...
A

asymmetry; border; color; diameter; evolving

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13
Q

tumors initiate when normal cells ….in a way that allows them to form tumors

A

change

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14
Q

initiation of tumor entails …, promotion of tumor entails …
tumor progression occurs via a … or … change, followed by …. and …, a process which repeats

A

mutation; cell proliferation; mutation; epigenetic; proliferation; selection

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15
Q

if an individual inherits a … mutation in a cancer-associated gene, this person’s cells will be one step closer to cancer from the very beginning

A

germ-line

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16
Q

tumors can become metastatic if they … from where they first formed, travel through the … or …, and form … in other parts of the body

A

break away; blood; lymph system; new tumors

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17
Q 
is cancer a genetic disease? 
PRO arguments: 
chemicals cause .... that cause cancer 
some cancers are associated with ... 
some types of cancer run in ...

CON arguments:
if a cancer is inherited, every cell in the body should become …
most cancers do not …

A

mutations; chromosomal abnormalities; families; cancerous; run in families

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18
Q

cancer is a … disease, but it is not …

A

genetic; inherited

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19
Q

cancer arises from the … of genetic changes (mutations)

A

accumulation

20
Q

most cancers have a minimum of .. different genes mutated

A

6-9

21
Q

cancer is not a … disease-we do not … to offspring

A

hereditary; pass on cancer

22
Q

we can inherit .. (…) to cancer

A

dispositions; susceptibility

23
Q

many genes that are mutated in cancer are involved in

A

regulating the cell cycle

24
Q

Knudson’s Two-Hit hypothesis: gene mutations may be … or … during a person’s life
sporadic cancer: …. mutations
hereditary cancer: … and … mutation

A

inherited; acquired; 2 acquired; 1 inherited; 1 acquired

25
Q

a proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become an … due to mutations or …

A

oncogene; increased expression

26
Q

an oncogene is a gene that has the potential to …

A

cause cancer

27
Q

a tumor suppressor gene, or …, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. when this gene mutations to cause a … or … in its function, the cell can progress to …, usually in combination with other genetic changes

A

antioncogene; loss; reduction; cancer

28
Q

gain-of-function mutation: produces a … or causes a trait to appear in … or at … in development. This can happen if the mutant gene shows .. levels of … than the normal gene

A

new trait; inappropriate tissues; inappropriate times; higher levels; express

29
Q

loss-of-function mutation: produces a … or causes a trait to appear in … or at … in development. This can happen in the mutant gene produces the …, or …. at all

A

new trait; inappropriate tissues; inappropriate times; wrong protein; no protein

30
Q

genes that drive cancer: … genes and …:
… and … of cell growth and division
… is an example of a tumor suppressor gene
… is an example of a proto-oncogene

A

tumor suppressor; proto-oncogenes; Retinoblastoma; hRAS

31
Q

some viruses can hijack … and lead to …

A

host DNA; cancer

32
Q

Peyton Rous discovered … and Charles Brenton Huggins discovered … treatment of prostatic cancer
they discovered the cellular origin of …

A

tumor-inducing viruses; hormonal; retroviral oncogenes

33
Q

the host cell proto-oncogene was called .. and the Rous sarcoma viral oncogene was called …
oncogenes arise as a result of … that increase the … or … of a protooncogene

A

c-src; v-src; mutations; expression level; activity

34
Q

during the cell cycle, proteins regulate whether the cell is ready to … or if the cell requires additional time to repair DNA damage before progressing. The proteins that regulate these checkpoints are made by … and … Accumulated mutations in these types of genes cause …

A

continue to the next stage; proto-oncogenes; tumor suppressor genes

35
Q

proto-oncogenes signal cells to … through the cell cycle at appropriate times. mutations in these genes cause them to be …, causing too much …

A

progress; overstimulated; cell division

36
Q

tumor suppressor genes signal cells to … the cell cycle to … mutations in these genes cause them to be …, allowing damaged cells to …

A

pause; fix mistakes; under-expressed; divide inappropriately

37
Q

some proto-oncogenes like Her2 produce proteins that enable the cell to respond to … that tell the cell to divide

A

external signals

38
Q

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are … genes that produce … proteins

A

tumor suppressor genes; DNA repair

39
Q

tumor suppressor genes like … produce proteins that can induce … instead of allowing the cell to progress through the cell cycle

A

p53; apoptosis

40
Q

some tumor suppressor genes make proteins that … the cell cycle when cell division is not required

A

suppress

41
Q

several ways by which a protooncogene could become an oncogene:

a) …
b) …
c) …
d) local …
e) …

A

point mutation; gene amplification; chromosomal translocation; DNA rearrangements; insertational mutagenesis

42
Q

normal receptor: during normal receptor activation, binding of a … to its receptor promotes the clustering of two receptor molecules, thereby causing the … activity of each receptor to catalyze phosphorylation of the adjacent receptor

A

growth factor; tyrosine kinase

43
Q

mutant receptor: some oncogenes code or mutant receptors whose … is permanently …, others can be missing its … exhibiting activity even in the absence of …

A

tyrosine kinase; growth factor binding site; growth factor

44
Q

amplified receptor: amplified oncogenes produce normal … but in …, which also leads to …

A

receptors; excessive quantities; excessive receptor activity

45
Q

DFTD tumor cells are characterized by … with … genes compared to normal cells

A

abnormal chromosomes; rearranged genes

46
Q

Boveri’s early predictions: In 1914, theodor boveri put forth his hypothesis that the abnormal growth characteristics of tumor cells might be due to abnormal numbers of … within the tumor cells, a phenomenon called …

A

chromosomes; aneuploidy

47
Q

acquired capabilites of cancer:

  • evading …
  • … in growth signals
  • … to anti-growth signals
  • … invasion and …
  • limitless … potential
  • sustained …
A

apoptosis; self-sufficiency; insensitivity; tissue; metastasis; replicative; angiogenesis

Concepts of Bio (34 decks)

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