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Concepts of Bio > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

(meiosis) cell division in which one … germ cell produces four … daughter cells

A

diploid; haploid

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2
Q

(meiosis) prophase I in an organism in which 2n = 4
dipolid cell has two … of each chromosome. nuclear envelope … and … develop. homologs pair up to form …, … takes place and … become visible

A

homologues; breaks down; spindles; tetrads; crossing over; spindles

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3
Q

crossing over occurs between … of a … homologous pair. it can increase …

A

non-sister chromatids; synapsed; genetic variation

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4
Q

(meiosis) metaphase I:

… line up at the … … are visible

A

tetrads; metaphase plate; spindles

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5
Q

(meiosis) anaphase I: the attachments between the homologous chromosomes … and … pull the chromosomes towards the poles

A

breaks down; kinetochores

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6
Q

(meiosis) telophase I and cytokinesis:

chromosomes reach the poles, the … breaks down and … reform. Cytokinesis produces … daughter cells

A

spindle; nuclear envelopes; two

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7
Q

(meiosis) prophase II:

the nuclear envelope .. and the spindles …

A

breaks down; reform

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8
Q

(meiosis) metaphase II:

… line up on the …

A

sister chromatids; metaphase plate

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9
Q

(meiosis) anaphase II: the centromeres that bind the sister chromatids together are …, enabling each chromatid to …

A

broken down; move to opposite poles

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10
Q

(meiosis) telophase II and cytokinesis:
… chromosomes reach the poles, the … breaks down and … reform. Cytokinesis produces .. daughter cells (..) from the original single cell (…)

A

unduplicated; spindle; nuclear envelopes; four haploid; n=2; 2n=4

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11
Q

(mitosis vs. meiosis)

prophase: in mitosis, … are present, in meisos I, … is formed by .. of ..

A

duplicated chromosome; tetrad; synapsis; homologous chromosomes

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12
Q

(mitosis vs. meiosis) metaphase-
mitosis: … positioned at the metaphase plate
meiosis I: … positioned at the plate

A

chromosomes; tetrades

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13
Q 
(mitosis vs. meiosis) 
anaphase/telophase: 
mitosis: ... separate during anaphase 
meiosis I: ... separate  
mitosis 2: ... separate
A

sister chromatids; homologues; sister chromatids

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14
Q

… separate during meiosis.

A

alleles

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15
Q

mitosis is a process required for … and … of the organism
meiosis is a process required for the … of an organism

A

growth; development; sexual reproduction

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16
Q

inheritance of characteristics is achieved during the process of

A

reproduction

17
Q

two factors determine characters:

  1. ….
  2. … during …
A

heredity; modification; development

18
Q

the inherited preformed or predetermined genetic program provides information about what is possible, but regulation of genetic expression involves … It is the latter that is …

A

interpretation; epigenetic

19
Q

epigenetics is a … process that affects the … of genes

A

reversible; expression

20
Q 
the epigenome is responsible for: 
... distinct ... in mammals 
... gene expression in genomic imprinting 
... inactivation
... silencing of transposons
A

200; cell types; mono-allelic; X chromosome; transcriptional

21
Q

epigenetic factors:
DNA …
.. modification (…, …)
non-coding .. molecules

A

methylation; histone; acetylation; methylation; RNA

22
Q

methylation of DNA and histones causes nucleosomes to … transcription factors cannot … and genes are not …

A

pack tightly together; bind the DNA; expressed

23
Q

histone acetylation results in … of nucleosomes. transcription factors can bind the DNA and genes are …

A

loose packing; expressed

24
Q 
methylation = ... of genes 
acetylation = genes are ...
A

reduced expression; available to be expressed

25
Q

epigenetic changes to the chromatin may result from:
…
…
…/…
…
…
and may result in: …, … disease, … disorders, …

A

development; environmental chemicals; drugs/pharmaceuticals; aging; diet; cancer; autoimmune; mental; diabetes

26
Q

epigenetics plays a role in the … of gene expression

A

control

27
Q

cancer cells have a … level of methylation (… DNA) than healthy cells. Too little methylation causes:

  • activation of genes that …
  • chromosome …: highly active DNA is more likely to be …, … and …
  • loss of …
A

lower; more active; promote cell growth; instability; duplicated; deleted; moved to other locations; imprinting

28
Q

cancer cells can also have genes that have … methyl (are … active) than nomral. the types of genes that are turned down in cancer cells:

  • keep cell growth ..
  • repair …
  • initiate …
A

more; less; in check; damaged DNA; programmed cell death

29
Q

DNA methylation occurs in

A

CpG islands

30
Q
  1. before replication, DNA is fully … at … dinucleotides
  2. During replication, new DNA strands are synthesized without …
  3. after replication, each new DNA molecule will have … on one strand but not the other: the DNA is …
  4. methyl groups attract … enzymes, which add methyl groups to the … strand
  5. resulting in fully .. DNA
A

methylated; CpG; methyl groups; methylation; hemimethylated; methyltransferase; unmethylated; methylated

31
Q

histone modificates are … to daughter cells. new histones are synthesized in … during the cell cycle. the modifications on histones happen after … have formed

A

not passed on; G1; nucleosomes

32
Q

the genome dynamically responds to the environment: …, …, …, … and other factors activate chemical switches that regulate gene expression

A

stress; diet; behavior; toxins

33
Q

the epigenome changes in response to …, which come from … the cell, from …, or from the …

A

signals; inside; neighboring cells; outside world

34
Q

… can also directly affect the “epigenetic state” of DNA

… from it are turned into … groups

A

food; nutrients; methyl

35
Q

dificiency of methyl-donating folate or choline during late fetal or early postnatal development causes certain regions of the genome to be … for life

A

under-methylated

36
Q

a mother’s … influences the epigenome of her offspring

A

diet

37
Q

… influences gene expression

A

dietary methyl

Concepts of Bio (34 decks)

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