Lecture 12 Flashcards
coding strand is the one that runs from … to …
5’; 3’
… tree: each branch splits into two
dichotomous
basal clade: group that is … to all others
least related
Why study the evolutionary history of diseases?
- to understand how genetic differences are related to …
- improved diagnostic …, …, … and …
- identify … of new diseases
- elucidate interactions among … and different … or in different …
- describe rate of …
- make predictions about …
pathology; assays; treatments; drugs; vaccines; origins; disease organisms; host species; habitats; evolutionary change; future outbreaks
phylogenetic tree: diagram of … among a group of organisms
evolutionary relationships
the root of the tree represents the …, and the tips of the branches represent the …. of that …
ancestral lineage; descendants; ancestor
The branches of a phylogenetic tree may be represented two different ways;
- … branches: branches will be different lengths based on the number of … or …
- … branches: all branches in the tree are the ..
scaled; evolutionary changes; distance; unscaled; same length
for scaled branches, branches that don’t continue moving express …
those that do represent .. species-species that are …
extinct species; extant; still alive now
branch length may represent … or rate of …
time; genetic change
for many trees, branch length is not scaled at all; only the … is represented
pattern of change
When a lineage splits (.. or … event), it is represented as … on a phylogeny. When a splitting event occurs, a … gives rise to two or more daughter lineages
speciation; splitting; branching; single ancestral lineage
phylogenies trace patterns of … between lineages. Each lineage has a part of its history that is … to it alone and parts that are …
shared ancestry; unique; shared with other lineages
Each lineage has ancestors that are … to that lineage and ancestors that are shared with other lineages–…
unique; common ancestors
a clade is a grouping that includes a … and all the … (… and …) of that …
common ancestor; descendants; living; extinct; ancestor
clades are nested within one another, forming a …
nested hierarchy
taxonomic classification reflects this nested hierarchy: all taxonomic groups should be
true clades
the branching pattern of phylogenetic trees does not imply …-all lineages have had .. to evolve, and evolve unique differences since splitting from other lineages
advancement; equal time;
some trees indicate when … evolved. These can be … or …
specific characters; morphological; molecular
that character is an … for that lineage, so all descendants should … that character, unless it is later … through further …
ancestral trait; share; lost; evolutionary change
additional information can be “mapped” onto a phylogenetic tree to look patterns and correlations between … and other …
evolutionary history; characteristics
every phylogenetic tree is a …, but many have an abundance of .. supporting them
hypothesis; evidence
