Lecture 10

Question 1

mutation: a change in a …
human mutation rate: 1 mutation in every … base pairs = ..-… new mutations per generation
influenza mutation rate: … per … nucleotides

Answer 1

nucleotide sequence; 30 million; 100-200; 1.5; 10,000

Question 2

spontaneous mutations:

• errors in …
• errors in … and … (linked to cell division)
• transposable …
• … (can turn one … into another) /…
• …. from metabolic products
• tautomeric- changes in …

Answer 2

DNA replication; segregation; recombination; element mobilization; depurinate; base; deamination; toxicity; base structure

Question 3

induced mutations: caused by … agents (…) or … agents-… (…, …)

Answer 3

chemical; carcinogens; physical; radiation; UV; ionizing

Question 4

During DNA replication, sometimes mistakes can happen: the wrong … is … These mistakes are usually .., but sometimes repair mechanisms …. leading to … in the sequence of the DNA

Answer 4

nucleotide; inserted; repaired; fail; permanent changes

Question 5

three different scenarios with mutations:

1. DNA is … Nucleotide mismatch remains until this strand is … again
2. DNA is repaired. Sequence is restored to …
3. DNA is repaired. Sequence is changed to …

Answer 5

not repaired; replicated; original allele sequence; new nucleotide pair

Question 6

cells have a set of processes which regularly check and repair DNA at certain … in the cell cycle, but sometimes errors escape repair or are repaired in such a way that the sequence is ..

Answer 6

.checkpoints; altered

Question 7

(types of mutations)
coding sequence mutation: changes in …, may affect … These include:
1. point mutation: …, …, or … mutations
2. Indels-…/…: can lead to … mutation

Answer 7

coding sequence; protein structure; silent; missense; nonsense; insertions; deletions; frameshift

Question 8

(types of mutations) regulatory mutation: change in … part of genome, may affect …

Answer 8

non-coding; gene expression

Question 9

(types of mutations) there are … and … mutations

Answer 9

somatic; germline

Question 10

SNPS: stands for …These are single … differences in the DNA sequences of individual members of a species; not necessarily a … mutation, but commonly studied as a covarying marker of … phenotype

Answer 10

single nucleotide polymorphisms; base-pair; pathological; complex disease

Question 11

Differences in the DNA between different people are called ..

Answer 11

SNPs

Question 12

there are .. possible alleles for a single SNP

Answer 12

two

Question 13

mutations of one or a few nucleotides can affect … and ..

Answer 13

protein structure and function

Question 14

point mutations are chemical changes in just one … of a gene. The change of a single nucleotide in the coding region of a gene can lead to the production of an …

Answer 14

base pair; abnormal protein

Question 15

when a point mutation leads to a change in the protein it is called

Answer 15

missense

Question 16

when a point mutation leads to early termination of the amino acid sequence it is called

Answer 16

nonsense

Question 17

when a point mutation doesn’t cause any change in the polypeptide chain it is called

Answer 17

silent

Question 18

insertions and deletions are … or … of nucleotide pairs in a gene. These mutations have a disastrous effect on the resulting protein more often than substitutions do. They may alter the …, producing a … mutation

Answer 18

additions; losses; reading frame; frameshift mutation

Question 19

the shape of the flu’s HA protein allows it to grab onto … on epithelial or respiratory cell surfaces

Answer 19

receptors

Question 20

once the genetic material of the flu is inside the cell, it is … Flu genes would be transcribed from … to …

Answer 20

transcribed; anti-sense; sense RNA