Lecture 3

Question 1

classification reflects

Answer 1

evolutionary relationships

Question 2

evolution: change in … in a population over .. (…)

Answer 2

allele frequencies; time; generations

Question 3

allele: … of a gene

Answer 3

variant form

Question 4

ancient greeks, romans, chinese, and islamic scientists proposed that species

Answer 4

change over time

Question 5

by 1800s, many scientists recognized that species were not

Answer 5

“fixed”

Question 6

fossil evidence of … and … forms of current species found

Answer 6

extinct species; ancestral

Question 7

characteristics of parents are

Answer 7

passed on to offspring

Question 8

one early idea for how organisms change was Lamarckism/ … of species

Answer 8

transmutation

Question 9

jean baptiste de Lamarck proposed that organisms change over time as a result of … of …

Answer 9

inheritance; acquired characteristics

Question 10

Lamarck proposed a mechanism of evolution:

• changing environment caused an organism to …
• over several generations, organs would … or … according to their ..
• traits acquired during an organism’s lifetime could be …

Answer 10

alter its behavior; grow; shrink; use; passed on to offspring

Question 11

we now know that traits acquired during an organism’s lifetime cannot be passed on to offspring. There is evidence that … changes (where … factors influence the expression of a gene) can sometimes affect future generations

Answer 11

epigenetic; environmental

Question 12

Distribution of species on continents and island:

• differences of species on …
• similarities of species …
• species on islands far from continents have relatively …
• many native species on islands are … (…)
• species on islands have a “…” to species on the nearest mainland

Answer 12

different continents; within continents; few species; endemic; found nowhere else; close affinity

Question 13

physical features of the earth did not originate in their …; Earth was quite old

Answer 13

present forms

Question 14

uniformitarianism: the theory that observable processes occurring at a constant rate in the present are sufficient to explain the formation of all … over ….
present patterns can indicate … and … events–> idea presented by …

Answer 14

geologic features; great time periods; past; ongoing; charles lyell

Question 15

geologic change: the steady accumulation of … changes over enormously long ..

Answer 15

minute; spans of time

Question 16

… presented the idea of limited population growth and limited resources

Answer 16

Thomas Malthus

Question 17

Malthus warned that human population grew faster than … and would eventually …

Answer 17

food production; overtake it

Question 18

Alfred Russel Wallace:

• extensive travels as a naturalist in …, …, and …
• extensive work in geographic …
• also influenced by … an d…
• corresponded with Darwin

Answer 18

South America; Malaysia; Indonesia; distribution of species; Lyell; Malthus

Question 19

natural selection is a … of evolution

Answer 19

mechanism

Question 20

natural selection: inherited variations favorable to .. would tend to be …., whereas unfavorable trains would be …

Answer 20

survival; preserved; eliminated;

Question 21

natural selection depends on the following: …, limits to …, …., …, and …

Answer 21

variation; population growth; differential reproductive success; inheritance; time

Question 22

fitness: … (… + …)

Answer 22

reproductive success; survival; reproduction

Question 23

adaptation: traits that are related to … of an organism, or the evolutionary modification that improves an organism’s chances for … and …

Answer 23

fitness; survival; reproductive success

Question 24

modern synthesis: unified explanation of evolution combining … with understanding of …

Answer 24

natural selection; genetic inheritance

Question 25

changes in allele frequency: as nature selects favorable traits, the frequency of those alleles

Answer 25

increases in each generation