Lecture 14 Flashcards
Tasmanian devils are …, a clade of …
marsupials; mammals
most mammals are … mammals
placental
modern marsupials originated from ancestors in prehistoric …
South America
Marsupials dispersed to … from South America via …, roughly … million years ago, probably just a …
Australia; Antarctica; 50; single species
Tasmanian Devils used to occur throughout Australia, but became … on the …, likely around 3000 years ago, possibly associated with competition with the human-introduced dingo
locally extinct; mainland
Tasmanian devils are now found only in …, an island state of Australia
Tasmania
Tasmanian devil habitat: throughout Tasmania, particularly … and …
coastal forests; dry scrublands
Tasmanian devil characteristics: ‘
- …/… (wide …)
- …
- live in ..
- … but within a loose …
- Size: ~50-70 cm in length, 4-12 kg
predators; scavengers; diet; nocturnal; dens; solitary; social group
DFTD is …
devil facial tumor disease
(DFTD) first described in 1996
… tumors, usually initial on …, develop and … rapidly
cancerous; face; spread
(DFTD) Causes death due to … or other causes, often within … of initial symptoms
Rare example of … cancer: … among individuals, largely through …
caused by … (not …)
starvation; 6 months; contagious; transmissible; biting; malignant cells; viral
(DFTD) The spread of DFTD has led to drastic …. in formerly … populatoins of Tasmanian devils
population declines; stable
Tasmanian devils were classifed as … by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2009
endangered
Since its first recorded sighting in 1996, devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) has maintained a steady westward march in Tasmania, depleting devil populations by as much as … in some areas
90 percent
To understand DFTD, we need to know the … of the disease, how it is …
origin; transmitted
In order to understand DFTD, we need to understand why tumor cells spread from other devils are not
provoking an immune response
The MHC I protein has a …- which can only bind specific …
peptide-binding groove; antigens
antigens are molecules (short peptides) that are recognized by the … as either … or …
immune system; foreign; self
Each MHC I has a different
specificity
If the antigen presented by a cell is recognized as foreign, the … or … will kill the cell
T-cell; antibodies
(contagious cancers) Canine Transmissible veneral disease (CTVT): … tumors on dogs develop from …-transmitted tumor cells; cancerous cell line originated about 11,000 yrs ago
genital; sexually
(contagious cancers) leukemia-like cancer in soft-shell clams: newly described in 2015, transmission of cells originating from a
single clam
(contagious cancers) contagious reticulum cell sarcoma: not .. occurring, arose in a lab population of …, transmissible via … or … of tumor cells by researchers
naturally; Syrian hamsters; bites of mosquitoes; implanation
(contagious cancers) some potential causes of cancers, such as Human Papillomavirus, are transmissible between humans, but there are no examples of directly transmissible human cancers except for very rare examples associated with
organ transplants
regulation of gene expression controls the … produced in response to an external condition or stimulus
quantity of a protein
up-regulation result in … being produced; while down-regulation results in … being
more proteins; fewer proteins
the devils are so … to one another that there is no diversity among their … Consequently, the cells of another devil are not recognized as … by the immune system
genetically similar; MHC genes; foreign
a normal immune response to foreign antigens would be … and … cell …
T; B; proliferation
immune response entails the following steps: …, …, …, …, and …
resting; activation; proliferation; contraction; memory
