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Concepts of Bio > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA and RNA are composed of a series of smaller molecules called

A

nucleotides

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2
Q

the three components of a nucleotide include the .. and … and a …

A

phosphate; sugar groups; nitrigenous base

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3
Q

phosphate units link to .., forming … that make up the backbone of a polynucleotide molecule

A

sugar units; phosphodiester bonds

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4
Q

the sugar group is a

A

pentose

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5
Q

nucleoside: nucleotide without

A

phosphate

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6
Q

nucleotide: …

A

AMP

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7
Q

nucleotide di-phosphate:

A

ADP

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8
Q

nucleotide tri-phosphate

A

ATP

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9
Q

all polynucleotides contain an alternating … backbone. This backbone is formed when the 3’ end of one nucleotide attaches to the … of an adjacent nucleotide by way of a …

A

sugar-phosphate; 5’ phosphate; phosophodiester bond

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10
Q

nitrogenous bases are classified into … and …

A

purines; pyrimidines

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11
Q

a pyrimidine is a …-carbon ring connected by … atoms at the 1 and 3 positions

A

4; N

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12
Q

the pyrimidines … and … are found in DNA, and … and …. are found in RNA

A

cytosine; thymine; cytosine; uracil

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13
Q

A purine molecule is a pyrmidine ring connected to an …; the overall structure is a ….

A

imidazole ring; double ring

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14
Q

…. and … are the purines in both RNA and DNA

A

adenine; guanine

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15
Q

chargaff’s second rule: guanine can pair only with …, using … hydrogen bonds, and adenine can pair only with .., using … hydrogen bonds. These are the base= pairing rules of the DNA double helix

A

cytosine; three; thymine; two

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16
Q

the directionality of the sugar-phosphate backbone results in one strand running

A

opposite to the other

17
Q

DNA and RNA nucleotides differ in the type of …
In RNA, the base … is used instead of …
RNA is typically …; in some roles its folded shape is essential to its function

A

sugar; U; T; single-stranded

18
Q

The DNA double helix features two polynucleotide strands with sugar-phosphate bacbones linked by …. pairs. The secondary structure of DNA is a …: two intertwined strands of DNA. This structure is made up of a phosphate-sugar backbone with paired nucleotide bases on the interior of the molecule. The only pairs of nucleotide bases in dNA are between … and ….

A

puripyrimidine; double helix; purines; pyrimidines

19
Q

A complete strand of human DNA has about 3 billion base pairs; uncoiled, it would be about … long

A

2 m

20
Q

histones are basic (…) proteins that bind DNA. DNA wraps around the histone, forming … that coil into a … Further condensation leads to a ….

A

positively charged; nucleosomes; chromatin fiber; chromosome

21
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes are

A

linear

22
Q

prokaryotic DNA is

A

circular

23
Q

prokaryotes have no … so the DNA is int he cytoplasm

A

nucleus

24
Q

For eukaryotes, the DNA is packaged as chromatin in the nucleus, but for prokaryotes it’s a … (…) in the cytoplasm

A

nucleoid; folded chromosome

25
Q

… hold the bacterial chromosomal loops in place

A

proteins

26
Q

topoisomerase helps DNA

A

coil

27
Q

DNA gyrase = …, and offers many practical applications in …

A

topoisomerase II; medicine

28
Q

cipro is an antibiotic that inhibits … but does not affect …

A

bacterial gyrase; eukaryotic topoisomerases

29
Q

we’ve discovered that DNA is the heritable material through various experiments, starting with Griffith’s experiments on bacterial transformation
Griffith’s hypothesis: material in dead cell can …

A

transform living cells

30
Q

Griffith injected virulent living S strain in mice, causing them to …
He then injected living nonvirulent R strain in them, leaving them …
he then injected heat-killed S strain, and the mouse was …
He injected dead S strain cells + living R strain cells, and the mouse …, and … was found int he mouse

A

die; healthy; healthy; died; living S strain

31
Q

Griffith’s experiment showed that a bacteria’s strain and virulence must be encoded in a … chemical, as this information can be transferred from … to … bacteria

A

nonliving; dead; living

32
Q

Avery-Macleod-McCarty transformation experiments confirmed which material was the DNA. They treated virulent, heat-killed S strain with various … They added treated S strain to living R strain and injected into mice. DNAse was the only enzyme that …

A

digestive enzymes; did not kill the mice

Concepts of Bio (34 decks)

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