Lecture 22 Flashcards
tasmanian devils are …/….
predators; scavengers
predators: taxonomic classification
carnivores: consume …
herbivores: consume …
omnivores: consume …
animals; plants; both
predators: functional classification
- true predators: … prey, consume … individuals, often consume prey in …
- grazers: rarely …, consume … individuals, consume … of prey individual
- parasites: sometimes …, live within …/…. individuals, highly … adaptations
- parasitoids: eventually …, usually many consume …, … consume host
kill; many; entirety; lethal; many; part; lethal; single; few; specialized; lethal; single host; slowly
predators display a range of … on prey
specialization
highly species-specific: has many complex adaptations to just one or a few
host species
highly generalized: feeds primarily on something, but opportunistically eats what it
can
prey defenses against being eaten: … defense, … and .., … (..) coloration and …
chemical; armor; weapons; warning; aposematic; mimicry
predator response on offense: … coloration, …
cryptic; mimicry
plant defenses against herbivory: …, … defenses, … defenses
mimicry; chemical; structural
disperse seeds unevenly across … so that some places have … of seeds and some have only a few–counting on … and … seed predators in only one spot
space; lots; attracting; satiating
disperse seeds unevenly through a … so that there are lots and lots of seeds for only a … days–counting on … and … seed predators in a …
a season; few; attracting; satiating; short time
disperse seeds unevenly across … so that there are only seeds availabe in … yrs– counting on predators not keying in on a single spot as a … yr after yr
years; random; seed source
in response to plant defenses, herbivores have a … diet, … chemicals, or … around the chemical defenses
diverse; metabolize; eat
food chain: pathway of movement of … and … through feeding relationships in a community
energy; nutrients
trophic levels: classifications of organisms in an ecosystem according to
feeding relationship
energy transfer between trophic levels is …, may limit length of …
only about … of available energy is transferred through food chain
inefficient; food chains; 10%
energy is lost as … to …/…/… (energy that organisms USE gets converted to … and eventually leaves the system) and to the … food chain through …
heat; metabolism; maintenance; respiration; heat; decomposer; death
first trophic level: … (…)
second: … consumers (…)
third: … consumers (…)
fourth: … consumers (…)
producers; plants; primary; herbivores; secondary; carnivores; tertiary; top carnivores
in simplest models, there is a tendency for predator and prey populations to undergo coupled … (…) in abundance
oscillations; cycles
trophic cascades: …/… in one species has effects throughout the …
change; loss; food chain
top-down regulation: regulation of populations and community structure through …
consumers
bottom-up regulation: regulation of populations and community structure through the
producers
types of trophic cascades: … and … regulatoin
top-down; bottom-up
most real communities are complex and display a variety of dynamic predator-prey patterns:
- … of predators and prey
- predators may respond differently to different …
- spatial …: …, habitat ..
- trophic interactions are embedded in a complex web of …
adaptations; prey densities; heterogeneity; refuges; quality; interactions
food webs: describe the … (trophic) relations among organisms in all or part of a …, illustrate how effects on one population can lead to changes throughout the …, can help us understand or predict how communities respond to …
feeding; community; food web; environmental change
