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Insects > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What order are ground beetles in?

A

coleoptera

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2
Q

what is unique to the beetle order coleoptera?

A

have elytra: hardened forewings for protection

unique to this order

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3
Q

what type of mouthparts do beetles have?

A

biting chewing

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4
Q

what type of development do beetles have?

A

holometabolous

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5
Q

what family are ground beetles in?

A

carabidae

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6
Q

where is the elytra attached & what does it cover?

A

attached to the pro-thorax

cover the abdomen, meso-thorax & meta-thorax

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7
Q

what is unique about the ground beetle?

A

5 tarsal segments on all legs

thread-like antennae with 11 segments

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8
Q

describe the elytra of Chlaenius cordicollis

A

have fine hairs - unique

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9
Q

describe the colouring of Chlaenius cordicollis

A

very shiny when young, become darker with age - shine wears off when pushing through rocks

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10
Q

what is the location of ground beetles?

A

MB & east Minnesota to the Atlantic coast

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11
Q

describe the habitat of Chlaenius cordicollis

A

lakeshores & river banks with limestone slabs

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12
Q

describe the activity of Chlaenius cordicollis during the days & nights

A

days - hide in grps under slabs

night - active on the surface

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13
Q

how do males & females differ in Chlaenius cordicollis?

A

female legs - narrow

male legs - broader, brush-like segments enabling them to hold on & grip to a female when mating

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14
Q

describe the eggs of Chlaenius cordicollis

A

Unprotected when deposited

Eggs are cemented singly to a stone (occasionally 1-2 together)

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15
Q

describe the larvae of the ground beetle

A

head is the only hard part

soft tissue = growing, almost done instar

sclerites

Urogomphi

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16
Q

how many instars to ground beetles have?

A

3

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17
Q

sclerites

A

hard plates with soft cuticle b/w them on the thorax & cuticle

larvae

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18
Q

Urogomphi

A

extended segment at the posterior of the abdomen, function uk but believed that’s used for communication

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19
Q

the larval instar can be determined by the ______

A

measurement of a sclerotized organ

20
Q

dyar’s rule

A

the ratio of dimensions of sclerotized organs (head, spiracles etc.) of adjacent instars of immature insects is relatively constant

21
Q

describe the pupa of a ground beetle

A

can see mandibles & legs

cuticle begins to harden & the beetle gets darker

22
Q

what is the name of the PRO that hardens & darkens in the cuticle?

A

sclerotin

23
Q

describe the teneral adult stage in the first 12 hr period

A

Elytra – white

Head capsule not darkened

24
Q

describe the teneral adult stage in the first 30 hr period

A

Head capsule darker

Mandibles are hard enough to break up food & function properly

Wings are present but not hardened, therefore cannot use for flight

25
Q

describe the teneral adult stage in the first 3 days

A

Insect appears like an adult

Still can’t fly (wings are still soft)

2 weeks from this time when they can fly

26
Q

what can a ground beetle fly?

A

weeks from the 3 day teneral adult stage

27
Q

how long does it take for the larval instar stages to be completed?

A

30 days

28
Q

teneral adult

A

adults that can’t fly

29
Q

when do the beetles mate?

A

June-July

30
Q

what stage has never been observed in nature?

A

pupa

31
Q

how long is the egg stage?

A

7 days

32
Q

how long is the pupa stage?

A

9 days

33
Q

describe the eating behaviour

A

scavenger insects (usually don’t attack live prey)

lakes act as conveyor belts feeding the beach-dwelling insects

34
Q

what do the ground beetles feed on that the lake washes up on shore?

A

Insects falling in the lake when trying to fly

Feed on fish flies that wash up when emerging from the bottom of the lake

35
Q

Mid-summer diet is dominated by _____

A

fish flies

36
Q

when the ground beetles feed on the fish flies, what are they eating in particular?

A

dead adults

exuviae from emergence

blowfly larvae feeding on the above (what’s flying)

37
Q

in ____ adults disappear from the beach

A

early or mid-Sept

38
Q

Adults move to the top of the beach by mid-Sept - why?

A

Temp in Sept lowers, therefore their metabolic rate does as well

They can’t run as fast & outrun the waves like they do in the spring & summer

If they aren’t well up the beach at this point then they’re at risk of drowning

39
Q

what is a mechanism of freeze avoidance in ground beetles ?

A

cease feeding in Sept & gut is empty

40
Q

average freezing point?

A

-2C

41
Q

average supercooling point?

A

-4C

42
Q

lowest supercooling point?

A

-7.6C

43
Q

how do you know when a female ground beetle is in a reproductive state?

A

have distended abdomens

cuticle is separated from the abdomen

44
Q

what cue initiates reproductive physiology?

A

day length

45
Q

what day length did they start to see females in their reproductive state?

A

17hr

Insects (33 decks)

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