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Insects > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

integument

A

external envelope, exoskeleton

membrane that covers the organism

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2
Q

what is the role of the foregut? (4)

A

intake of food - mouth

storage -crop

grinding - mouth, proventriculus

transport of nutrients

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3
Q

what is the role of the midgut? (2)

A

digestion - ventriculus secretes enzymes

absorption

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4
Q

gastric caecum

A

beginning of the midgut

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5
Q

What is the role of the hindgut?

A

removal of digestive & metabolic wastes

reabsorption (of water)

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6
Q

malpighian tubule

A

filter & secrete wastes (like kidneys)

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7
Q

ileum

A

small intestine

absorption & secretion of wastes

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8
Q

rectum

A

insects have rectal pads (sponge) where water absorption occurs just before excretion

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9
Q

anus

A

where waste leaves

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10
Q

how does gas exchange occur?

A

through a series of air-filled tubes & sacs (no lungs)

vessels reach all internal organs & tissues

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11
Q

_____ & _____ contain spiracles at each _____

A

thorax & abdomen

segment

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12
Q

spiracle openings let ____ in & ____ out

A

air

CO2

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13
Q

what is the max amount of spiracles?

A

10 pairs

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14
Q

trachea & tracheoles

A

hollow tubes

coil shaped

oxygen intake & CO2 output by diffusion

(air moves out through tubes)

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15
Q

what are the components of the respiratory sys?

A

spiracles

trachea & tracheoles

air sacs

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16
Q

air sacs

A

help with ventilation

compress & fill depending on diff requirements of the body

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17
Q

the respiratory sys is related to the circulatory sys - T or F?

A

False

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18
Q

how does the O2 & CO2 move in the respiratory sys?

A

through diffusion

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19
Q

what sys does the dorsal heart belong to?

A

circulatory sys

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20
Q

is the circulatory an open or closed sys?

A

open - no veins, one tube

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21
Q

what is the blood of insects called?

A

haemolymph

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22
Q

what is the haemolymph responsible for?

A

nutrient transport

hormone transport

waste transport (metabolic wastes other than CO2)

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23
Q

does the circulatory sys transport O2?

A

no - respiratory sys does

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24
Q

what powers circulation in an insect?

A

dorsal heart & abdominal pumping

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25
Q

what are the components of the nervous sys?

A

nerve cord - ventral

brain

neurons with ganglia - each segment has a ganglion that controls nerves in a particular region

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26
Q

describe the brain of an insect

A

fusion of ganglia

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27
Q

what part of the nervous sys is important for movement & coordination?

A

neurons with ganglia

28
Q

what sys do insecticides target?

A

nervous sys

29
Q

what are the components of the integument?

A

cuticle & epidermis

30
Q

cuticle

A

composed of chitin

ranges from hard & inflexible to soft & stretchable

membrane in foregut & hindgut

31
Q

epidermis

A

produces the cuticle

base layer of integument

32
Q

describe the integument of the honey pod ant

A

hard cuticle with stretchable cuticle to store liquid during feeding

the stretchable cuticle expands with the hard cuticle sitting on top of it

33
Q

what are the functions of the integument? (7)

A

body support - skeleton, muscles attach to the chitin integument

movement - muscles attach which cause movement

physical protection - hard shells

prevents water loss - wax layer on top of the cuticle

sensory - spines, hairs, scales etc.

growth - moulting

pigmentation

34
Q

where does pigmentation of an insect occur?

A

cuticle in the integument (not the epidermis)

35
Q

what are the kinds of extensions of the integument?

A

spines

setae

36
Q

spines

A

extension of the cuticle

epidermis creates spines

no special cells

37
Q

setae

A

specialized cells in the epidermis

includes: hairs, sensilla & scales

38
Q

what is the major diff b/w spines & setae?

A

spines - no special cells, cuticle extension

setae - special cells, special cells in the epidermis

39
Q

scales

A

modified sensory organs

40
Q

what are the structures of the reproductive sys in males?

A

testes

accessory glands

41
Q

what are the structures of the reproductive sys in females?

A

ovaries

spermatheca - store sperm

42
Q

what are the reproductive methods in insects?

A

sexual

asexual - parthenogenesis

haplodiploidy

43
Q

sexual reproduction

A

fertilized embryos produce male & female offspring

44
Q

asexual - parthenogenesis reproduction

A

females produce more females without mating

45
Q

haplodiploidy

A

combo of asexual & sexual:

fertilized egg - creates female
unfertilized egg - creates male

46
Q

describe growth in insects

A

incres in size

achieved by moulting

occurs in juvenile stages via moulting

no further growth during adult stages

47
Q

moulting/ecdysis

A

casting of cuticle to allow growth

exuvia = cast skeleton (old skeleton)

48
Q

metamorphosis & ex

A

change in form - transformatino from immature to adult phase

Ex: caterpillar –> cocoon –> butterfly

49
Q

what are the steps of moulting?

A
  1. Old exoskeleton (cuticle) is digested
    Occurs inside out (starts at the surface of the epidermis)
    Invisible from the outside
  2. New skeleton formed beneath old
    Occurs at the surface of the epidermis
  3. Old skeleton is shed
    Break surface of the old skeleton & leaves old skin
  4. Stretching
    ONLY time when cuticle is soft
  5. Tanning - Hardening
50
Q

what stage during moulting is the cuticle soft?

A

stretching

51
Q

how do terrestrial insects achieve stretching during moulting?

A

take in a lot of air to increase in size

52
Q

what does it mean when you see a white insect?

A

it hasn’t tanned yet

will become dark brown & harden

53
Q

what is difference occurs when an insect moults?

A

new skeleton is larger than the old one

54
Q

generation

A

cohort of offspring from a parent pop moving through a life cycle together

55
Q

instar

A

form of the insect b/w moults

56
Q

does growth occur in an instar?

A

no

57
Q

1st instar

A

out of the egg

58
Q

when is the last instar stage?

A

adult stage (no instar is an adult)

59
Q

when are the wings & reproductive organs fully developed?

A

as an adult

60
Q

what stage is an insect in if they have wings?

A

adult

61
Q

how is the degree of transformation during metamorphosis classified?

A

depends on insect taxa

62
Q

what are the 3 forms of development?

A

ametabolous

hemimetabolous

holometabolous

63
Q

ametabolous

A

no metamorphosis

only difference that occurs is in size

egg –> larva (lymph) - multiple instars –> adult

64
Q

hemimetabolous

A

incomplete metamorphosis

immature insects resemble adults (not always)

egg –> larva (lymph) –> larva (multiple instars) –> adult

ex: little bug vs. big bug
ex: wings & no wings

65
Q

holometabolous

A

complete metamorphosis

egg –> larva (multiple instars) –> pupa –> adult

Ex: butterfly of fly

66
Q

what type of metamorphosis includes the pupa? & ex?

A

holometabolous

ex: butterfly pupa is the cocoon

Insects (33 decks)

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