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Insects > Lecture 26 > Flashcards

Lecture 26 Flashcards

1
Q

pollination

A

plant sex

Movement of pollen from anthers (male parts) to stigma (female parts)

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2
Q

how is pollination accomplished? (self-pollination)

A

Pollen tubes grow into stigma to fertilize ovaries

Pollen goes to stigma, travels down style to reach the ovary

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3
Q

what kind of pollination do blueberries rely on?

A

insect pollination

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4
Q

self-pollination

A

pollen movement within plant

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5
Q

cross-pollination

A

pollen movement b/w plants

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6
Q

what form of pollination maintains genetic diversity?

A

cross-pollination

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7
Q

is cross-pollination only accomplished by insects?

A

no

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8
Q

why is wind a disadvantageous mechanism of cross-pollination?

A

there’s no direction of the wind so plants need to produce a lot more pollen

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9
Q

______ of all flowering species are animal pollinated (mostly by insects)

A

87.5%

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10
Q

how do insects know what flowers to pick to pollinate?

A

Many insects have floral constancy where they pick the same species of flower

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11
Q

_____of food we eat comes from crops that benefit from insect pollination

A

~35%

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12
Q

Insect pollination _______ the yield

A

increases

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13
Q

what type of plant commenced insect pollination?

A

angiosperms

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14
Q

early pollinators included what insects?

A

beetles & thrips

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15
Q

what is an ex of a plant & insect spp that underwent coevolution?

A

bees & eudicots

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16
Q

About _______ years ago bees originated which about the same time ______ diversified

A

100 million

angiosperms

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17
Q

how many bee spp have been described?

A

20,000

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18
Q

what characteristic of bees enables humans to farm them? how is this accomplished?

A

highly social

create artificial cavities for bees to nest

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19
Q

most bees are solitary, meaning that ____

A

most bees don’t produce honey

20
Q

what type of development do bees have?

A

holometabolous

21
Q

describe the lifecycle of bees

A

Egg –> larvae consumes nectar –> pupae –> adult

22
Q

why do bees eat pollen?

A

to acquire PRO in order to develop eggs

23
Q

pollination syndrome

A

match morphology of the pollinator to attract pollinators

24
Q

how do insects respond to pollination syndrome?

A

Insects have floral consistency & visit the same spp

25
Q

what is an ex of floral signal convergence (pollination syndrome) across 3 diff insect & plant spp?

A

hummingbird – red with deep tubes

Blue pink flowers release a chemical to attract bumble bees

white flowers that release a chemical to attract moths

26
Q

how does an orchid accomplish insect pollination?

A

Orchid will produce a chemical equivalent to a female pheromone of a wasp or bee & the flower appears like a bee

Male will try to mate with flower & p/u pollen

27
Q

how do plants attract flies for pollination?

A

mimic oviposition sites by releasing the smell of dead meat

28
Q

what did Darwin predict about the plant A. sesquipedale ?

A

has very long tubes where nectar is produced

predicted a wasp with a very long tongue drank the nectar

this moth was later found

29
Q

how does D. floribunda attract insects?

A

produces flower oils produced by bees used for offspring

Bee has unusually long front legs to access the oils

30
Q

how does the Nolana blossom in Chile attract insects?

A

bees nest in dead plants

31
Q

describe the process of how figs are pollinated by wasps

A

Female has pollen on her, finds immature fig, enters a special hole where there are fig flowers

Lays eggs in fig flowers & pollinates plant

Some of flowers with pollen will develop into galls

Males will emerge & mate with females in other flowers

Males will make a tunnel

Females will p/u pollen & leave trough tunnels

Males & mothers die inside the plant

32
Q

what type of evolution is seen in the relationship b/w the fig & the wasp?

A

coevolution

33
Q

Monolecty

A

one pollinator visits one plant species (rare)

34
Q

Oligolecty

A

one pollinator visits several related plant species (common)

35
Q

Polylecty

A

one pollinator visits many unrelated plant species (common)

36
Q

what form of specialization is rare?

A

monolecty

37
Q

what are the 3 forms of specialization?

A

monolecty
oligolecty
polylecty

38
Q

what are the factors resulting in the decline of bee pops?

A

Varoa mites – only attacks honey bees

Pesticides

Bacterial, viral & fungal infections

Habitat loss – largest factor

39
Q

what is a solution to bee declines?

A

providing pollinator habitats for bees

More visits to crops where pollinator habitats were present

40
Q

providing pollinator habitats for bees resulted in a ____ incres in yield over ____ years

A

20%

4 years

41
Q

how can you support pollinators?

A

Feed them
Native plants preferred

House them – nest
Nest in ground or holes (can make artificial ones)

Don’t kill them (no insecticides)
Use integrated pest management approach

42
Q

what % of nesting bees nest in the ground?

A

70%

43
Q

what benefits does gardening have on bees? (5)

A

Support biodiversity

Help slow bee declines

Enjoy wildlife in your own yard

Education

Pollination for fruits

44
Q

what pollinator is used in commercial greenhouses & why?

A

bumble bees

for their buzz pollination (blueberries, tomatoes etc.)

45
Q

why are Orchid bees attracted to their plants?

A

males visit plants, collect various chemicals of scents to attract females

Insects (33 decks)

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