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Insects > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 basic elements used in insect collections?

A

sweep nets

aspirators

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2
Q

sweep nets

A

use to sweep through vegetation

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3
Q

aspirators

A

can suck an insect up

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4
Q

beat sheeting

A

place a sheet on the ground, when insects feel threatened they move from high places (trees, grasses, shrubs etc.) & go towards the ground

The sheet will collect all the insects that have moved there

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5
Q

malaise trap

A

insects fly & hit mesh, there’s a hole with collecting liquid that attracts the insects

Insects tend to move upwards & are attracted to the liquid

(looks like a tent)

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6
Q

when is it useful to use a malaise trap?

A

to collect flying insects

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7
Q

describe the collection process when using a black light & dish with soapy water

A

Simulates night time for the insects, they become active, fly into the soapy water & are stuck

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8
Q

hand traps

A

pan or bowl-shaped, tend to collect flying insects, insects mistake them for flowers

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9
Q

cores & funnel traps

A

a pot with leaf or soil material, has a light in it that dries out the material

initally, insects are attratced to the dark & moist area

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10
Q

when is it useful to use a pitfall trap?

A

ground crawling insects

arthropods

attracting dung beetles (place dung in it)

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11
Q

black lighting

A

have a dark room & shine a light on an area – will attract insects to that spot

(ex: scorpions)

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12
Q

canopy fogging

A

place big nets under trees, gas the tree & everything will fall out

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13
Q

what collection method is used when estimating how many diff species live in an area?

A

canopy fogging

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14
Q

emergence traps

A

area of the ground has a tent over it

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15
Q

when is it useful to use emergence traps? (3)

A

anything emerging from the ground

soil-dwelling insects

insects that have their nests under groud

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16
Q

trap nests

A

barrels with hollow tubes of wood in them

insects like to nest in the cavities

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17
Q

when are trap nests used?

A

to collect bees

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18
Q

what is the importance of museum collections?

A

reference collections –> biodiversity & respository for types

teaching collection

historical record

wealth of undescribed species

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19
Q

how do you know if you have found a new species?

A

need to be an expert in taxonomy - know everything old & new, visit museum collections

examine taxonomic characters: morphological, behavioral (hosts, phenology) & genetic

literature search - databases, biodiversity heritage library

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20
Q

species description - diagnosis

A

how to recognize it

know how to separate it from related species

21
Q

species description - synonyms

A

other names for it (document literature)

22
Q

species description - material examined

A

data, key for reproducibility

23
Q

species description - description

A

physical description

required to reproduce

required to have a holotype: a specimen that best represents the species –> reference species

24
Q

species description - distribution

A

where it is found

25
Q

species description - variation

A

indiv diffs within a species

26
Q

species description - etymology

A

meaning of the name

27
Q

species description - images & illustrations

A

useful for recognition

28
Q

species description - key to species

A

quick identification table for distinguishing species

29
Q

allopatric speciation

A

barrier to gene flow/separation of lineages caused by a physical separation

30
Q

what are the 2 modes of allopatric speciation?

A

vicariant speciation

peripatric speciation

31
Q

vicariant speciation (‘dumbbell model’)

A

pops are very similar but over time as diffs accumulate, they become distinct form the ancestral pop

At some point, they can no longer exchange genes 

Pops don’t breed even if contact is restored
32
Q

peripatric speciation

A

pops differ dramatically in size

Ex: a pop is transported to an island, identity of a pop may not change over time, but this separate little pop will become diff

33
Q

parapatric speciation

A

separated not by a geographical barrier, but by an extreme change in habitat, pops can interbreed but eventually develop differences

34
Q

what are the 2 main ways that a species arise?

A

allopatric speciation

parapatric speciation

35
Q

what is the evidence of speciation?

A

Close relatives with abutting distributions (weak)

Discontinuities at ecotones (transition b/w ecosystems)

Historical observations

36
Q

how does disruptive selection occur?

A

niche preference

niche adaptation

assortative mating

37
Q

disruptive selection

A

2 extremes being favoured, diverging away from the mean

38
Q

stabilizing selection

A

alleles don’t change, narrow in on mean & extremes become less common

39
Q

directional selection

A

• an extreme phenotype is favoured

40
Q

what type of speciatino did R. pomoniella experience & explain the process

A

sympatric speciation

natrual host was the hawthorn fruit
Europeans introduced the apple
became an apple infesting host

41
Q

sympatric speciation

A

speciation in which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region

42
Q

biological species concept

A

reproductive isolation

43
Q

evolutionary species concept

A

unique evolutionary pathways

44
Q

phylogenetics species concept

A

defines a species as being a group sharing a common ancestor

45
Q

cynical species concept

A

a species is a species b/c a competent taxonomist said so

46
Q

species concept

A

what a species is

47
Q

species delimitation

A

sci of recognizing species

48
Q

species identification

A

assigning specimens/indivs to an existing species name

Insects (33 decks)

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