Lecture 12 Flashcards
what are the 2 basic elements used in insect collections?
sweep nets
aspirators
sweep nets
use to sweep through vegetation
aspirators
can suck an insect up
beat sheeting
place a sheet on the ground, when insects feel threatened they move from high places (trees, grasses, shrubs etc.) & go towards the ground
The sheet will collect all the insects that have moved there
malaise trap
insects fly & hit mesh, there’s a hole with collecting liquid that attracts the insects
Insects tend to move upwards & are attracted to the liquid
(looks like a tent)
when is it useful to use a malaise trap?
to collect flying insects
describe the collection process when using a black light & dish with soapy water
Simulates night time for the insects, they become active, fly into the soapy water & are stuck
hand traps
pan or bowl-shaped, tend to collect flying insects, insects mistake them for flowers
cores & funnel traps
a pot with leaf or soil material, has a light in it that dries out the material
initally, insects are attratced to the dark & moist area
when is it useful to use a pitfall trap?
ground crawling insects
arthropods
attracting dung beetles (place dung in it)
black lighting
have a dark room & shine a light on an area – will attract insects to that spot
(ex: scorpions)
canopy fogging
place big nets under trees, gas the tree & everything will fall out
what collection method is used when estimating how many diff species live in an area?
canopy fogging
emergence traps
area of the ground has a tent over it
when is it useful to use emergence traps? (3)
anything emerging from the ground
soil-dwelling insects
insects that have their nests under groud
trap nests
barrels with hollow tubes of wood in them
insects like to nest in the cavities
when are trap nests used?
to collect bees
what is the importance of museum collections?
reference collections –> biodiversity & respository for types
teaching collection
historical record
wealth of undescribed species
how do you know if you have found a new species?
need to be an expert in taxonomy - know everything old & new, visit museum collections
examine taxonomic characters: morphological, behavioral (hosts, phenology) & genetic
literature search - databases, biodiversity heritage library
species description - diagnosis
how to recognize it
know how to separate it from related species
species description - synonyms
other names for it (document literature)
species description - material examined
data, key for reproducibility
species description - description
physical description
required to reproduce
required to have a holotype: a specimen that best represents the species –> reference species
species description - distribution
where it is found
species description - variation
indiv diffs within a species
species description - etymology
meaning of the name
species description - images & illustrations
useful for recognition
species description - key to species
quick identification table for distinguishing species
allopatric speciation
barrier to gene flow/separation of lineages caused by a physical separation
what are the 2 modes of allopatric speciation?
vicariant speciation
peripatric speciation
vicariant speciation (‘dumbbell model’)
pops are very similar but over time as diffs accumulate, they become distinct form the ancestral pop
At some point, they can no longer exchange genes Pops don’t breed even if contact is restored
peripatric speciation
pops differ dramatically in size
Ex: a pop is transported to an island, identity of a pop may not change over time, but this separate little pop will become diff
parapatric speciation
separated not by a geographical barrier, but by an extreme change in habitat, pops can interbreed but eventually develop differences
what are the 2 main ways that a species arise?
allopatric speciation
parapatric speciation
what is the evidence of speciation?
Close relatives with abutting distributions (weak)
Discontinuities at ecotones (transition b/w ecosystems)
Historical observations
how does disruptive selection occur?
niche preference
niche adaptation
assortative mating
disruptive selection
2 extremes being favoured, diverging away from the mean
stabilizing selection
alleles don’t change, narrow in on mean & extremes become less common
directional selection
• an extreme phenotype is favoured
what type of speciatino did R. pomoniella experience & explain the process
sympatric speciation
natrual host was the hawthorn fruit
Europeans introduced the apple
became an apple infesting host
sympatric speciation
speciation in which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region
biological species concept
reproductive isolation
evolutionary species concept
unique evolutionary pathways
phylogenetics species concept
defines a species as being a group sharing a common ancestor
cynical species concept
a species is a species b/c a competent taxonomist said so
species concept
what a species is
species delimitation
sci of recognizing species
species identification
assigning specimens/indivs to an existing species name
