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Insects > Lecture 33 > Flashcards

Lecture 33 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 phenomena assoc with temp related changes?

A

Increased mean temps

Increased freq, severity & duration of extreme temp events

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2
Q

what are the 4 changes occurring in the envr?

A
  1. Increased bias towards warmer than average temperature events
  2. Increased frequency, severity & duration of phenomena like heat waves & drought
  3. Warmer winter temperatures, changes in snow and ice cover duration
  4. Changes to growing season length
    Earlier on set of spring-like conditions
    Later onset of winter-like conditions
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3
Q

what components of insects are affected by ambient temps? (5)

A

physiology, development, growth, adult size & behaviour

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4
Q

what type of relationship do insects have b/w development rate (highest) & development time ?

A

inverse

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5
Q

what temp is the lower development threshold? & what is occurring at this time?

A

0C

no growth or development, dormant

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6
Q

what temp is the upper development threshold? & what is occurring at this time?

A

~33C

no development
May not die, but cell damage occurring

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7
Q

what climate regions will insects be effected the most by climate change?

A

temperate

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8
Q

how is the growing season changing due to climate change?

A

earlier onset of spring-like conditions & later onset of winter-like conditions combines to increase the length of the growing season in temperate regions

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9
Q

what impacts of climate change have already been observed? (5)

A

growing season

severe weather events

winter

spp distributions

trophic interactions

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10
Q

what effect does the change in the growing season have on Multivoltine herbivorous pests (aphids)?

A

of gens is determined by the growing conditions

since there is a longer growing season, aphids will benefit b/c they can produce more gens & increase their pop even more

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11
Q

how does a change in growing season effect insects that are in synchrony with their hosts & vice versa?

A

Climate induced increases in asynchrony in plant-insect interactions are occurring

Increasing spring temps don’t necessarily influence plant & insect pops similarly since the cues used to time development & other activities may differ (ex: temp, daylight, host phenology)

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12
Q

what is an ex of insect-host interactions suffering from asynchrony due to change in growing season?

A

Bumble bees in subalpine meadows

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13
Q

how is pollination success & deficits by Bumble bees in subalpine meadows being effected by the change in growing season?

A

Observing greater pollination deficits b/c there is a greater mismatch at the time the plants are flowering & the queens are active

Flowering is occurring before pollinators are present

flowering occurs once the snow is gone, only queen bees present at this time

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14
Q

how is climate change affecting severe weather events?

A

change increases the frequency & severity of extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, floods & other storms

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15
Q

how do heat waves affect insects?

A

Upper temp reached = no development & can be harmed

Optimal temp for development is not too far from temps that impact fecundity & growth

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16
Q

Incres freq &/or severity of extreme temps leads to _____ development times (impaired)

A

longer

17
Q

describe how changes in extreme weather events will affect aphids & their parasitoids?

A

not equally affected by temp, aphids & their parasitoids have diff optimal temps of development

Temps might be beneficial to aphids, but damage to the parasitoid developing within it

18
Q

severe weather events will impair development of ______ to a greater extent than the growth of development of the aphid

A

parasitoid

19
Q

why is it a concern that parasitoids & aphids are affected differently by severe weather events?

A

Parasitoids are less able to control aphid pests when they experience severe temps –> impacts bio control

20
Q

what factors affect overwinter survival in insects under climate change?

A
  1. Warmer mean winter temps
  2. Changes in snow & ice cover duration – important insulator for insects that overwinter in soil
  3. Earlier onset of spring-like conditions
  4. Later onset of winter-like conditions
21
Q

what is an ex of a spp affected by the change of winters?

A

mountain pine beetle

22
Q

how does a change in winter affect the mountain pine beetle?

A

well-adapted to cold temps & winter is the only source of mortality

severe winters are occurring less & have been too infrequent to control the damage caused by the beetles

They have also shifted range north b/c winter temps are no longer limited

23
Q

how does a change in winter affect the gypsy moth?

A

Overwinter as eggs on the trunks of trees

Snow cover increases insulation & also limits predation by rodents

24
Q

what are the 3 ways that insect spp ranges have changed?

A

shifts

expansions

contractions

25
Q

what insects were recorded to shift their range northwards in Odonates in Great Britain? Why is this a concern?

A

dragonflies & damselflies

since GB is an island, they can only go so far before they will become extinct

26
Q

how have the butterflies in NA & Europe changed their range?

A

increasing their ranges northward & to higher elevations

27
Q

what are 2 insects that have expanded their ranges northward?

A

dragonflies & damselflies in GB

heat-adapted dragonflies in NA & Europe

28
Q

how have insects contracted their ranges & why?

A

in latitude & elevation

b/c areas where they previously received their proper cues no longer do

29
Q

what spp has contracted its range? What is occurring? What factors are affecting it?

A

cold-adapted butterflies in NA

require experiencing a cold time of conditions during their winter diapause, they don’t come out of it properly & it interferes with their lifecycle

offspring are dying, but summer conditions are suitable

Snow coverage duration or level of moisture

30
Q

range shifts

A

o expansions in one direction & contractions in another

31
Q

how has Edith’s Checkerspot in Western NA distributions changed?

A

range shifts

expansion northwards, where it was originally found it has been driven extinct

32
Q

what is the main selection pressure on reproduction?

A

is synchrony b/w offspring requirements & food availability

33
Q

how are the great tits being affected by climate change?

A

trophic interactions

Egg laying & nest building activity is synchronized with peak caterpillar activity (birds feed on caterpillars)

Increasing asynchrony during peak food abundance & chick activity (& need to be fed)

overall reduction in fitness

34
Q

why is it difficult to assess the overall impacts of climate change?

A

due to higher level processes like trophic interactions & landscape effects

Insects (33 decks)

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