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Insects > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

why do insects move?(6)

A

reproduction - lifecycles can occur in diff habitats

to access resources: food, shelter, mates, oviposition

avoid crowing

ecological escape (ex: food source eliminated)

escape adverse conditions - cold climate

escape predators

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2
Q

______ are the only invertebrates that can fly

A

insects

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3
Q

phoresy

A

hitchhiking mites

mites attach to the dragonfly & enables them to move around (don’t fly themselves)

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4
Q

how do insects without wings become airborne?

A

ballooning on silk - become light & little that they’re carried by wind currents

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5
Q

when was there the first flying insects?

A

400 million years ago

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6
Q

when insects acquired the skill of flight, what did this lead to?

A

to colonize many diff niches

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7
Q

when did dragonflies have a wingspan of 75cm?

A

in carboniferous forest, 285 million years ago

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8
Q

why did dragonflies have a wingspan of 75cm?

A

higher concentration of oxygen at the time - enabled large size

eventually more of the oxygen was consumed decreasing the levels & leading to a smaller size

insects have a passive respiratory sys & get their oxygen from the atm - limits size

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9
Q

what are the fastest insects?

A

horse flies

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10
Q

what orders is wing polymorphism seen?

A

macropterous

brachypterous (small wings)

apterous

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11
Q

what is an order of morphed indivs that reduced their wings?

A

homoptera

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12
Q

what are the 2 forms of wing polymorphism in aphids?

A

apterous adults = no wings

alate adults = wings

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13
Q

apterous adults

A

no wings

invest E in reproduction

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14
Q

alate adults

A

wings

have a thorax with developed muscles for flight

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15
Q

describe when & why aphids choose to grow wings or not

A

no wings - reproduce to incres pop to max their number & escape predation

then switch to wings to leave a habitat, avoid overcrowding

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16
Q

what form of wing polymorphism adult in aphids produces more offspring?

A

apterous

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17
Q

what are 4 ways insects orientate themselves?

A

sun compass

polarized skylight

earth’s geomagnetic field

local landmarks

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18
Q

sun compass

A

constant heading relative to the sun’s azimuth

compensate for earth’s rotation

endogenous chronometer - modifying their heading in accordance with the positioning of the sun at diff times of the day

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19
Q

endogenous chronometer

A

modifying their heading in accordance with the positioning of the sun at diff times of the day

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20
Q

polarized skylight

A

insects contain sensors for polarized light

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21
Q

what insects use sun compass?

A

butterflies

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22
Q

what insects have polarized light sensors? (5)

A

bees

ants

crickets

flies

butterflies

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23
Q

how is the earth’s geomagnetic field used in insect orientation?

A

have cells that react to the magnetic field

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24
Q

what insects use the earth’s geomagnetic field in orientation?

A

dragonflies & butterflies

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25
Q

how do insects use local landmarks to orientate themselves?

A

compensate b/c they believe that landmarks are always fixed

26
Q

boundary layer

A

zone where flight speed > wind speed

zone where they can control their flight

27
Q

what indicates to insects that they’re flying above the flight boundary layer?

A

visual cues from the ground indicate backward motion, insects usually turn around & fly downward

28
Q

when insects fly within the boundary layer they have _____ flight

A

directed

29
Q

when insects fly above the boundary layer they have _____ flight

A

downwind

30
Q

what is non-migratory flight used for?

A

to find daily resources (food, mate etc.)

31
Q

which kind of flight is responsive to local cues?

A

non-migratory

32
Q

which kind of flight is not responsive to local cues?

A

migratory

33
Q

what kind of flight is short & persistent?

A

non-migratory

34
Q

what type of flight includes frequent turns & stops?

A

non-migratory

35
Q

what type of flight occurs within the boundary layer?

A

non-migratory

36
Q

what type of flight is directed?

A

non-migratory

37
Q

what is migratory flight used for?

A

new resources; ecological escape

38
Q

which kind of flight is not responsive to local cues?

A

migratory

39
Q

which kind of flight is long & persistent?

A

migratory

40
Q

which type of flight is long & persistent?

A

migratory

41
Q

which kind of flight doesn’t includes frequent turns & stops?

A

migratory

42
Q

where does migratory flight occur in respect to the boundary layer?

A

within or above

43
Q

what type of flight is directed or downwind?

A

migratory

44
Q

do insects in migratory flight reproduce?

A

no - finding a new area where resources are abundant to complete lifecycle

invest E in wing E

45
Q

migratory flight originated independently multiple times in: (3)

A

locusts

butterflies

dragonflies

46
Q

why do insects of migratory follow storms?

A

storms will rain a lot & produce a moist envr to support eggs

47
Q

live ______ & _____ found at sea 1500km from land

A

grasshoppers & flies

48
Q

why are butterflies colourful?

A

indicates to predators that they are poisonous

49
Q

describe the summer feeding range of butterflies

A

wide range

reach southern MB

50
Q

describe winter roosting in butterflies

A

roosts are communal on evergreen trees

insects are in reproductive diapause

not true hibernation, active on warm days

51
Q

when butterflies are in winter roosting where are the eastern & western populations located?

A

eastern - Mexican mountains

western - coastal California

52
Q

spring migration - butterflies

A

over-wintered insects fly north & lay eggs on milkweed, then die

eggs give rise to generation 1 caterpillars

53
Q

butterflies in spring migration have ____ flight up to ____ km/h

A

directed

30

54
Q

butterflies - with each successive generation, they fly ____ until they colonize the entire summer range

A

north

55
Q

what triggers fall migration & reproductive diapause in butterflies?

A

shorter days - less daylight

variable temps (cool nights)

decres food plant quality

56
Q

what type of flight is used in fall migration?

A

directed

57
Q

in fall migration, roosting is often for how many days?

A

2+

58
Q

what method of orientation are the butterflies in fall migration unable to utilize & why?

A

landmarks due to multiple generations

59
Q

what are the benefits of monarch migration?

A

tracking larval food & nectar

avoidance of lethal winter

60
Q

what are the disadvantages of monarch migration?

A

riskiness & energetic costs of flight

need to educate predators about monarch toxicity

Insects (33 decks)

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