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Insects > Lecture 28 > Flashcards

Lecture 28 Flashcards

1
Q

central place forager

A

have a central nest & then move out from there to collect food from offspring

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2
Q

solitary ____ & _____ are central place foragers

A

bees & wasps

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3
Q

what are the disadvantages of being a central place forager?

A

limited resources

limited defense when gone for long periods of time to acquire resources

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4
Q

Cleptoparasitism

A

lays eggs in the nest of another spp

Doesn’t need to make a nest or find materials

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5
Q

what % of bees are cleptoparasitic?

A

~17% (very common)

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6
Q

what is an ex of a bird that is cleptoparasitic?

A

cuckoo

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7
Q

Wasps don’t have the anatomical features to forage for pollen, so how do they build nests?

A

not quite sure but they think

o Nest usurpation (cleptoparasitism)
o Origins in males

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8
Q

what characteristics of male wasps are shared with cleptoparasites?

A

Absence of nest building & pollen collecting structures

Searching behaviour (looking for nest sites)

Structure for fighting (sometimes)

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9
Q

describe the sex determination of Hymenoptera

A

haplodiploid

Males – haploid
Come from unfertilized eggs

Females – diploid
Capability to make themselves more male than female
Undergoes meiosis to produce an unfertilized egg to create a male

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10
Q

homogametic & what form of hymoptera

A

forming gametes which all have the same type of sex c’some

diploid female (XX)

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11
Q

hemigametic

A

haploid male (X)

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12
Q

______ (diploid female) + _____ (haploid male) = fertilized egg –> ____ female

A

homogametic + Hemigametic –> diploid female

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13
Q

_______ (diploid female)–> unfertilized egg = _____ male

A

homogametic

haploid

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14
Q

what is a consequence of haplodiploid sex determination?

A

very closely realted

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15
Q

how is the haplodiploid sex determination a possible mechanism of social evolution in Hymenoptera?

A

Not direct fitness, but also related fitness acquired from siblings & cousins

Might be more advantageous to encourage the reproduction of your sister b/c they already have 75% of your genes

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16
Q

Eusociality is most recent in ______

A

halictid bees

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17
Q

what are the major social grps in Hymenoptera? (4)

A

termites

ants

wasps

bees

18
Q

what are 3 exs of bees that are social?

A

honey bees

bumble bees

sweat bees

19
Q

describe the social structure in honeybees

A

obligate asocial colony

Queen requires workers & vice versa

20
Q

describe the social structure of bumble bees

A

each spring starts with a female that builds the nest & then when more females emerge, the queen lays eggs

21
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of being social insects?

A

Build nests

Accumulate resources (large scale)

Powerful workforce (worker colonies)

Potentially much greater resources to take advantage of

22
Q

describe the nesting & production of stingless bees

A

Nest in pre-existing cavities

Collect resins & mix with wax (they produce)

Have been harvested for pollination & honey production

Very social

23
Q

robbery

A

Raiding other nests for resources

24
Q

_____ raiders in the stingless bees (______)

A

obligate

cleptobiosis

25
Q

describe how Lestrimelitta (stingless bees) acquire their resources

A

Raid colonies
Have a nest independent of host

Don’t collect resources from flowers etc., only acquire through raiding other nests (cleptobiosis)

Create a scent that confuses host

Some cluster & wait (don’t defend themselves or fight back), others actually collect resources
26
Q

what are the 2 spp of bees that commit robbery?

A

Lestrimelitta (stingless bees)

Cleptotrigona

27
Q

social parasites

A

Take over role of being queen

Rear offspring of social parasites (instead of rearing sister offspring)

28
Q

what insects are social parasites?

A

bumble bees

sweat bees

allodapine bees

vespids

29
Q

how does social parasitism occur in sweat bees?

A

Host builds underground burrow

Always has a guard worker (who allows access to the burrow)

another sweat bee (Lasioglossum lionotum) has big heads & mandibles – will fool guard to let it in & then live in nest after that

30
Q

what do sweat bees do when they’re under attack?

A

If they are under attack they stick their anus out of the burrow (17)

31
Q

describe social parasitism in bumble bees

A

No pollen collecting structures on legs, goes into other nests

Sneak in during the solitary phase & don’t do anything

Once the workers are active, they will lay eggs & overtake the colony

Others will kill queen

32
Q

describe the nesting of Allodapines

A

have a nest inside a stem

live in twigs

larvae not in cells

33
Q

Emery’s rule

A

social parasites are more related to hosts

34
Q

why is Emery’s rule beneficial?

A

Allows them to take advantage of shared characteristics to gain access into nest

35
Q

what are the 2 forms of Emery’s rule?

A 
Sister spp (strict) 
	Could be consistent with sympatric speciation

Closely related but not sis (not strict)

36
Q

slave-making ants are similar to _____ & ____

A

parasites & robbers

37
Q

describe the slave-making ant process

A

Queen acts like social parasite

Goes into nest & takes over role of queen

Makes her own workers – all they do is raid other nests for pupa

Raid other nests to acquire pupa, bring it back to the nest & raise them

When the pupa are older they will forage for the new colony

38
Q

dulosis

A

Slave-making ant workers raid other colonies for workers

39
Q

Slave maker Polyergus entirely dependent on host/slave ____

A

Formica

40
Q

how does the slave-making ant queen gain access into a nest?

A

Female plays dead to gain access into the hive

Will attack & kill the queen once she has access

Spreads queens insides on her to acquire to her scent & take over hive

41
Q

describe how ants farm aphids

A

Aphids secrete honeydew & the ants protect & exploit them

42
Q

describe how ants farm fungi

A

Take leaves back to the nest to grow fungi & then eat it

Insects (33 decks)

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