Lecture 28

Question 1

central place forager

Answer 1

have a central nest & then move out from there to collect food from offspring

Question 2

solitary ____ & _____ are central place foragers

Answer 2

bees & wasps

Question 3

what are the disadvantages of being a central place forager?

Answer 3

limited resources

limited defense when gone for long periods of time to acquire resources

Question 4

Cleptoparasitism

Answer 4

lays eggs in the nest of another spp

Doesn’t need to make a nest or find materials

Question 5

what % of bees are cleptoparasitic?

Answer 5

~17% (very common)

Question 6

what is an ex of a bird that is cleptoparasitic?

Answer 6

cuckoo

Question 7

Wasps don’t have the anatomical features to forage for pollen, so how do they build nests?

Answer 7

not quite sure but they think

o Nest usurpation (cleptoparasitism)
o Origins in males

Question 8

what characteristics of male wasps are shared with cleptoparasites?

Answer 8

Absence of nest building & pollen collecting structures

Searching behaviour (looking for nest sites)

Structure for fighting (sometimes)

Question 9

describe the sex determination of Hymenoptera

Answer 9

haplodiploid

Males – haploid
Come from unfertilized eggs

Females – diploid
Capability to make themselves more male than female
Undergoes meiosis to produce an unfertilized egg to create a male

Question 10

homogametic & what form of hymoptera

Answer 10

forming gametes which all have the same type of sex c’some

diploid female (XX)

Question 11

hemigametic

Answer 11

haploid male (X)

Question 12

______ (diploid female) + _____ (haploid male) = fertilized egg –> ____ female

Answer 12

homogametic + Hemigametic –> diploid female

Question 13

_______ (diploid female)–> unfertilized egg = _____ male

Answer 13

homogametic

haploid

Question 14

what is a consequence of haplodiploid sex determination?

Answer 14

very closely realted

Question 15

how is the haplodiploid sex determination a possible mechanism of social evolution in Hymenoptera?

Answer 15

Not direct fitness, but also related fitness acquired from siblings & cousins

Might be more advantageous to encourage the reproduction of your sister b/c they already have 75% of your genes

Question 16

Eusociality is most recent in ______

Answer 16

halictid bees

Question 17

what are the major social grps in Hymenoptera? (4)

Answer 17

termites

ants

wasps

bees

Question 18

what are 3 exs of bees that are social?

Answer 18

honey bees

bumble bees

sweat bees

Question 19

describe the social structure in honeybees

Answer 19

obligate asocial colony

Queen requires workers & vice versa

Question 20

describe the social structure of bumble bees

Answer 20

each spring starts with a female that builds the nest & then when more females emerge, the queen lays eggs

Question 21

what are the 4 characteristics of being social insects?

Answer 21

Build nests

Accumulate resources (large scale)

Powerful workforce (worker colonies)

Potentially much greater resources to take advantage of

Question 22

describe the nesting & production of stingless bees

Answer 22

Nest in pre-existing cavities

Collect resins & mix with wax (they produce)

Have been harvested for pollination & honey production

Very social

Question 23

robbery

Answer 23

Raiding other nests for resources

Question 24

_____ raiders in the stingless bees (______)

Answer 24

obligate

cleptobiosis

Question 25

describe how Lestrimelitta (stingless bees) acquire their resources

Answer 25

Raid colonies Have a nest independent of host Don’t collect resources from flowers etc., only acquire through raiding other nests (cleptobiosis) Create a scent that confuses host Some cluster & wait (don’t defend themselves or fight back), others actually collect resources

Question 26

what are the 2 spp of bees that commit robbery?

Answer 26

Lestrimelitta (stingless bees) Cleptotrigona

Question 27

social parasites

Answer 27

Take over role of being queen Rear offspring of social parasites (instead of rearing sister offspring)

Question 28

what insects are social parasites?

Answer 28

bumble bees sweat bees allodapine bees vespids

Question 29

how does social parasitism occur in sweat bees?

Answer 29

Host builds underground burrow Always has a guard worker (who allows access to the burrow) another sweat bee (Lasioglossum lionotum) has big heads & mandibles – will fool guard to let it in & then live in nest after that

Question 30

what do sweat bees do when they're under attack?

Answer 30

If they are under attack they stick their anus out of the burrow (17)

Question 31

describe social parasitism in bumble bees

Answer 31

No pollen collecting structures on legs, goes into other nests Sneak in during the solitary phase & don’t do anything Once the workers are active, they will lay eggs & overtake the colony Others will kill queen

Question 32

describe the nesting of Allodapines

Answer 32

have a nest inside a stem live in twigs larvae not in cells

Question 33

Emery's rule

Answer 33

social parasites are more related to hosts

Question 34

why is Emery's rule beneficial?

Answer 34

Allows them to take advantage of shared characteristics to gain access into nest

Question 35

what are the 2 forms of Emery's rule?

Answer 35

``` Sister spp (strict) Could be consistent with sympatric speciation ``` Closely related but not sis (not strict)

Question 36

slave-making ants are similar to _____ & ____

Answer 36

parasites & robbers

Question 37

describe the slave-making ant process

Answer 37

Queen acts like social parasite Goes into nest & takes over role of queen Makes her own workers – all they do is raid other nests for pupa Raid other nests to acquire pupa, bring it back to the nest & raise them When the pupa are older they will forage for the new colony

Question 38

dulosis

Answer 38

Slave-making ant workers raid other colonies for workers

Question 39

Slave maker Polyergus entirely dependent on host/slave ____

Answer 39

Formica

Question 40

how does the slave-making ant queen gain access into a nest?

Answer 40

Female plays dead to gain access into the hive Will attack & kill the queen once she has access Spreads queens insides on her to acquire to her scent & take over hive

Question 41

describe how ants farm aphids

Answer 41

Aphids secrete honeydew & the ants protect & exploit them

Question 42

describe how ants farm fungi

Answer 42

Take leaves back to the nest to grow fungi & then eat it