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Insects > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the physiological constraints of an insect?

A

size -rate of heat gain or loss

respiration - water loss

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2
Q

what is the relationship with body size & heat loss?

A

body size incres = lose heat more quickly

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3
Q

how do insects respond to the cold?

A

temp regulation - endothermic or ectothermic regulation

temp compensation - cold tolerance

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4
Q

what is an ex of endothermic regulation?

A

honey bees maintain warm hive throughout the winter

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5
Q

what are some strategies of ectothermic regulation?

A

microhabitat

colouration

migration

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6
Q

how is shivering accomplished in insects? & Exs? (3)

A

uncoupling wings - vibrate bodies (ex: bumble bees)

opposing muscles - muscles work at the same time (ex: moths)

insulation - fur decres the cooling effect, incres wind velocity = incres rate of temp loss (ex: winter moth)

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7
Q

basking

A

allow heat & sun to warm body

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8
Q

what are the 2 forms of basking?

A

lateral basking (ex: cabbage white butterfly)

dorsal basking

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9
Q

is shivering an endothermic or ectothermic response to the cold?

A

endothermic

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10
Q

is basking an endothermic or ectothermic response to the cold?

A

ectothermic

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11
Q

explain the colour change & thermoregulation process. Who does this?

A

chromatophores are affected by temp (cells change pigemnt levels in response to cold)

when it gets colder, the cells create darker pigment to absorb more light & heat

green darner butterfly

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12
Q

describe the gregarious (aggregation) behaviour of the eastern tent catepillar

A

create silk tents for protection & bask as a community to maintain temp

increasing their volume to decres SA

Lower SA:V ration to conserve heat

enables them to have a higher metabolism process food faster

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13
Q

describe the gregarious (aggregation) behaviour of the honey bee

A

aggregate into a hive

packs in the hives are constantly moving & rotating creating heat

consume honey enabling them to conserve body heat

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14
Q

what are 4 insects that can withstand cold temps?

A

snow scorpion

ground beetle

snow flea

golden rod gall fly

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15
Q

what insects survives the coldest temps? & what temp?

A

golden rod gall fly at -87C

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16
Q

how do ground beetles withstand cold temps?

A

cryoprotectants (glycerol) to prevent freezing

17
Q

non-freezing injury

A

cold shock - membrane failure, enzyme or io imbalance

damage/death

18
Q

freezing injury

A

mechanical damage

recrystallization

osmotic shock

19
Q

freeze tolerance

A

control where freezing occurs

extracellular ice can be tolerated

use ice nucleators initiate ice formation at warmer temps to prevent the insect from freezing suddenly at the super cooling point

enables the insect to adjust more slowly to osmotic pressures

build up their store of compounds that reduce the level of ice formation

20
Q

ice nucleators

A

compounds that induce ice formation

21
Q

what are the ice nucleator compounds?

A

food

PROs

ice crystals

calcium phosphate

uric acid

22
Q

super cooling point

A

temp point where the insect freezes

23
Q

freeze avoidance

A

prevent freezing to avoid ice damage

24
Q

what are the strategies of freeze avoidance?

A

cryoprotectants - lower super cooling point to prevent freezing

antifreeze PROs - bind to ice crystals

evacuate gut with bacterial freeze

25
Q

what are the cryoprotectant compounds? (3)

A

glycerol

ethylene glycol

trehalose (sugar)

26
Q

midge larvae are active at what temp?

A

43 C

27
Q

cryptobiosis-dehydrate

A

cytobiosis: ability to survive a state without metabolism

dehydrate - stops metabolism in high temps

28
Q

shield & ex

A

wax emerges from the insect’s pores, layer where air is trapped

ex: Nambi Desert Tenebriondi Beetle

29
Q

describe fog catchers in the desert

A

drink dew to increase their moisture

  1. build a ridge in the sand to catch dew
  2. drink dew in sand

have bumps & valleys that collect water that runs down their back & into the moth

30
Q

describe the bumps on the fog catchers in the desert

A

hydrophilic - no wax

31
Q

describe the valleys on the fog catchers in the desert

A

hydrophobic - contain wax

32
Q

describe convective cooling in a dragonfly

A

obelisking - stick abdomen in the air to reduce direct contact with the sun

33
Q

stilting & ex

A

bodies are off the ground

ex: tiger beetles

34
Q

convection run & ex

A

runs at 1 m/s

ex: desert tenebrionid

35
Q

evaporative cooling (3)

A

from the nectar they drink

cool hives

wings used as fans

36
Q

panting & ex

A

spiracles move air through the body

ex: locust

37
Q

sweat & ex

A

pores release moisture that evaporates

ex: mosquitos

38
Q

cryptonephridial complex

A

absorb water through their anus

39
Q

what are the 3 main ways that insects survive adverse conditions?

A

cryoprotectants

behavioural traits

exchange of air temp around them

Insects (33 decks)

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