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Insects > Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Aquatic insects represent an integral part of ____ & ___ food webs

A

aquatic & terrestrial

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2
Q

In the food chain, aquatic insects are included in _____ production

A

secondary

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3
Q

What 8 orders include the bulk of aquatic insects?

A 
o	Mayflies 
o	Dragonflies & damselflies 
o	Stoneflies 
o	Bugs (Heteroptera) 
o	Alderflies, fish flies & dobsonflies 
o	Caddisflies 
o	Beetles 
o	Flies
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4
Q

which 3 orders have the most diversity?

A

Bugs, beetles & flies

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5
Q

what are the 3 common life histories observed in aquatic insects?

A
  1. Those with an aquatic juvenile & a terrestrial adult stage (leave water to mate & lay eggs)
  2. Those that spend most of all of their life in the water (adult & juveniles are aquatic)
  3. Those that spend the majority of their life in close assoc with water (semi-aquatic insects) – don’t live in the water but are closely assoc
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6
Q

what are exs of insects with an aquatic juvenile & a terrestrial adult stage (leave water to mate & lay eggs)

A

♣ Ex: mosquitos
♣ Ex: dragonflies & alderflies
♣ Ex: mayflies

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7
Q

what are exs of insects that spend most of all of their life in the water (adult & juveniles are aquatic)

A

♣ Ex: water boatmen
♣ Ex: giant water bugs
♣ Ex: aquatic beetles

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8
Q

what are exs of insects that spend the majority of their life in close assoc with water (semi-aquatic insects) – don’t live in the water but are closely assoc

A

♣ Ex: waters stridders
♣ Ex: some aphids (live on lily pads)
♣ Ex: round sand beetles

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9
Q

Variation in the _______ & _______props of aquatic habitat has shaped the evolutionary history of aquatic insects

A

physical & chem

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10
Q

what are the 2 forms of aquatic habitats?

A

lentic or lotic

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11
Q

lentic habitat & exs

A

still waters

any circulation of water is due to wind

exs: lakes, ponds, wetlands

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12
Q

lotic habitats & exs

A

flowing waters

exs: streams, rivers

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13
Q

All extant aquatic insects evolved from ______ ancestors

A

terrestrial

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14
Q

describe insect evolution

A

evolved from terrestrial ancestors. Made the transition from terrestrial habitats to aquatic multiple diff times in dif grps.

Has lead to many adaptations to overcome obstacles

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15
Q

aquatic insects evolved from ancestors with an ____ respiratory sys

A

air filled

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16
Q

why is it inefficient for insects to live in aquatic habitats>?

A

much less oxygen in water than in air

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17
Q

what is the largest obstacle faced in evolution for aquatic insects

A

obtaining sufficient oxygen in aquatic habitats

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18
Q

describe the respiratory adaptation of passive diffusion

A

insects are small (SA:V)

decres size = decres oxygen requirements

activity limited by oxygen

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19
Q

describe the respiratory adaptation of breathing tubes

A

Spiracles have a connected breathing tube to remain connected to the surface

(must remain near the surface of the water)

20
Q

what are 3 exs of insects that have breathing tubes?

A

mosquito larvae, aquatic bugs (water scorpion), water tiger

21
Q

describe the respiratory adaptation of biological gills

A

flat portions of the cuticle forming gills that increase the SA of the body

apart of tracheal sys

increases the amount of o2 they can consume

22
Q

what type of insects use biological gills?

A

when living at the bottom of a body of water

23
Q

what are exs of insects that have biological gills?

A

mayfly nymph

stoneflies

caddisflies

24
Q

describe the respiratory adaptation of physical gills

A

temporary air bubbles, obtain & hold pockets of air, breathe air from an air bubble while underwater

make bubble with hydrophobic hairs

As the insect consumes oxygen, the concentration of oxygen will be smaller in the bubble than in the water
causes passive movement of O2 & N

25
Q

describe the respiratory adaptation of plastron

A

permanent air bubble maintained by a dense layer of hydrophobic hairs

26
Q

what insect uses physical gills?

A

waterboatmen

27
Q

what does a plastron enable insects to do?

A

permanently live under water

28
Q

what insect has a plastron?

A

aquatic beetle

29
Q

describe the respiratory adaptation of hemoglobin

A

hemolymph contains hemoglobin that can retain & release oxygen on demand

30
Q

what is the most efficient adaptation for extracting oxygen from water?

A

hemoglobin

31
Q

what are the forces that aquatic insects need to overcome when living in moving wateR? (3)

A

o Friction/viscosity
o Current
o Surface tension

32
Q

buoyancy control & ex

A

use to adjust positioning in the water column

Ex: Phantom midge – juveniles have air bubbles that through muscular contraction can expand or reduce to control their buoyancy

33
Q

walking on water & ex

A

Provide enough resistance that they can generate thrust to move

Ex: water striders – presence of dense brush of hydrophobic hairs causing repellency & prevent tarsi to break through surface tension of water

34
Q

how do insects swim? & exs

A

pair of swimming legs with a stiff pair of hairs

Ex: wriggly beetles
Ex: mayflies - move like a fish
Ex: backswimmers - have modified hind legs with stiff hairs

35
Q

why is it necessary for insects to prevent moving in water?

A

at risk of being moved to an unsuitable habitat

36
Q

rock hugging

A

Don’t swim, assoc with bottom substrate

Suction cups assoc with each abdominal & thorax segment, attaches to rocks & moves slowly along them

37
Q

flat bodied

A

when water is flowing over rocks, the velocity of the current rapidly approaches 0 when going closer to the rocks

38
Q

a flat-bodied insect is the function of the _____ _____

A

boundary layer

39
Q

burrowing & ex

A

burrow into the ground to remove themselves from the current

ex: mayfly

40
Q

case building & 2 exs

A

many cases act as rocks to weigh them down to prevent movement

ex: bloodworm
Ex: caddisflies - silk cases

41
Q

how do insects prevent movement from water?

A

rock hugging

flat-bodied

burrowing

case building

42
Q

Aquatic insects are typically classified into ‘functional grps’ based on their______ & ______

A

diet & mode of feeding

43
Q

shredders & 2 exs

A

eat coarse particulate matter (CPOM)

make fine particulate matter available to other insects to consume

ex: cranefly water
ex: caddisflies

44
Q

collecter & filter feeders & 2exs

A

feed on fine & ultra fine particulate matter

Filter feeders – live in an envr where there’s a current constantly providing food

ex: blackflies & caddisflies

45
Q

scrapers & grazers & 3exs

A

feed on biofilms, algae or any organic layer that forms on the surface of logs, rocks etc.

ex: mayfly, stonefly, some caddisflies

46
Q

predators

A

feed on other aquatic arthropods

ex: dragonfly nymph

47
Q

describe how dragonfly nymphs feed?

A

breathe through gills at the rectum, pump water in & out of the rectum for respiration

Have a valve that they can close to control water movement

Lower lip is expandable that they can fire forward to obtain prey – close valve at the rectum, squeeze abdomen & the lower lip fires outwards

Insects (33 decks)

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