Lecture 13

Question 1

folk classification

Answer 1

human history (“that’s a bug”)

Universal across cultures
Includes common names

Question 2

traditional (Linnean) Classification

Answer 2

expert opinion

looked at morphology, anatomy, distribution etc.

Question 3

What did Sokal & Michener do?

Answer 3

numerical taxonomy of bees (phonetics)

First time computers were used for classification

looked at overall similarity

Question 4

what did Hennig do?

Answer 4

phylogenetic systematics (cladistics)

“special similarity”

looked at derived traits (shared traits)

Question 5

why is PCR used?

Answer 5

Allows for rapid duplication (amplification) of specific sequences

Question 6

taq polymerase

Answer 6

special DNA polymerase enzyme, binds to one of the strands & uses primer to build

Question 7

where does taq polymerase

Answer 7

thermophilic bacteria

Question 8

what are the steps in PCR? (3)

Answer 8

1. Denaturation: dsDNA template denatured into 2 SS molecules (95C)
2. Annealing: specific primers bind to template (50C)
   Slightly lower temps
3. Extension: DNA polymerase creates by adding free nucleotides to 3’ end of primer (75C)

Question 9

what are the applications of PCR? (4)

Answer 9

Phylogenetics

Pop genetics

Species delimitation

Specimen identification, DNA barcoding

Question 10

monophyletic group

Answer 10

includes the most recent common ancestor & all of its descendants

Question 11

paraphyletic grp

Answer 11

includes some, but not all of the descendants of a common ancestor

Question 12

plesiomorphy

Answer 12

an evolved character or trait that is shared by some or all members of a phylogenetic group & their common ancestor but is not unique to that group

Question 13

apomorphy

Answer 13

a trait unique to a grp or species, but not to the ancestral form

Question 14

what type of grp is Blattodea without termites (only wood roaches)?

Answer 14

paraphyletic

Question 15

how are wood roaches similar to termites?

Answer 15

Eat wood

Similar gut fauna
Symbionts help digest wood (cellulose)

Subsocial

Nymph morphology

Question 16

what are the primary 2 uses for DNA barcoding?

Answer 16

specimen identification

species discovery

Question 17

What are 4 applications of DNA barcoding?

Answer 17

1. Barcoding is useful for separating cryptic species
2. Assoc the sexes
3. Pest management & ecology
4. Identification of disease vectors

Question 18

why is it important to have accurate identification?

Answer 18

Essential to understanding a specific organism’s bio

Understanding food webs & evolution

Time since death in forensic entomology

Pest control & appropriate management strategies

Invasive species at ports of entry

Controlling vectors of disease