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Insects > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the feeding method of specialized interactions insects & plants have

A

feed on plant & use it as protection

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2
Q

galls

A

lay eggs in tissue of plants & manipulates tissue of plant to grow nutritive & protective tissue around the eggs

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3
Q

describe the evolutionary history of insect-plant interactions

A

Insects were present at or before the origin of vascular plants

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4
Q

The two most significant radiations in insect diversity coincide with the evolution of:

A

seed plants

flowering plants

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5
Q

what did the evolution of flowering plants result in?

A

largest radiation of insect diversity

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6
Q

when were most of the insect orders created?

A

during the evolution of see plants

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7
Q

coevolution leads to the evolution of _____ _____

A

novel traits

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8
Q

Describe the cycle of coevolution

A
  1. Plant evolves new chemical defense: temporarily free from herbivory
  2. Radiation of new, but related plant species
  3. Insect evolves ability to overcome plant defenses: is temporarily free from competition
  4. Radiation of new but related insect species
  5. Cycle continues over evolutionary time
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9
Q

the assoc b/w Brassica plants & Pierid butterflies was a result of?

A

coevolution

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10
Q

describe the coevolution Brassica plants & Pierid butterflies

A
  1. A Brassica species evolved defenses to avoid insect attack (glucosinolates)
  2. Radiation of plants
  3. A Pierid butterfly species evolved counter defenses to plants containing glucosinolates
  4. Radiation of new Pierid species that could feed on plants containing glucosinolates
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11
Q

what are the 2 main categories of plant defenses?

A

constitutive defenses

induced defenses

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12
Q

constitutive defenses

A

always present & expressed

E is continually put into the defenses of this plant whether they are under attack or not

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13
Q

induced defenses

A

only synthesized/produced in response to herbivory (injury)

Invest E only when attacked

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14
Q

what are the categories used to categorize plant defenses?

A

constitutive defenses

induced defenses

mechanical defenses

chemical defenses

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15
Q

what are mechanical defenses used in plants?

A

Waxy epidermal cuticles

Leaf toughness

Seed coats

Spines, prickles, thorns

Bark

Trichomes - hairs, scales & grandular (exude substances)

pitching out

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16
Q

pitching out

A

trunk of the tree is a highly-pressurized tube, when a hole is made there is pinch & resin to close it

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17
Q

when it is an effective defense for plants to use pitching out?

A

when insects lay eggs &/or feed

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18
Q

what type of plants use glandular defense?

A

carnivorous plants

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19
Q

primary metabolites include:

A

AAs, sugars, nucleotides & lipids

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20
Q

primary metabolites function in _____ & _____

A

growth & reproduction

21
Q

what is an ex of primary metabolites used in chemical defenses?

A

high sugar content – make the fruit less susceptible to herbivory, many insects prefer to feed on other parts of the plant (increases fitness b/c they need seeds)

22
Q

what are the 2 grps of chemical defenses in plants?

A

primary metabolites

secondary metabolites

23
Q

primary metabolites are found ________

whereas,

secondary metabolites are found ______

A

throughout the plant kingdom

in related grps of species (shared common ancestry)

24
Q

secondary metabolites

A

Often co-opted metabolism by-products

25
Q

what are the modes of action in secondary metabolite defenses?

A

Feeding & oviposition deterrents

Toxicants

Antimicrobial activity

Attractants (smell, colour, taste) for pollinators & parasitoids

26
Q

what are exs of defensive chemicals produced by plants?

A

Gluccosinolates are only present in Brassicaceae

Nicotine in tobacco

Tannins in tea & many other pants

Salicylic acid (Aspirin) in willow bark

Caffeine, morphine, cocaine, cannabinoids, myrcene

27
Q

what is the role of limonene in interspecific communication?

A

distasteful to herbivores causing them to stop feeding

28
Q

what is the role of menthol in interspecific communication?

A

warns herbivores that the plant is toxic to them before feeding commences

29
Q

is limonene volatile?

A

no, non-volatile

30
Q

is menthol volatile?

A

yes

31
Q

phytoecdysones

A

secondary metabolites

plant steroids similar to insect molting hormones
can interfere with molting when ingested

32
Q

semiochemicals

A

chemical communication

volatile

33
Q

allelochemicals

A

facilitate interspecies communication

34
Q

allomones

A

Produce negative response in insects

Repellents, deterrents & toxins

35
Q

kairomone

A

Benefits the recipient

Harms the emitter

36
Q

describe the chemical defense of caterpillars

A

produces volatile secondary metabolites that are detected by other insects

how they function depends on the indiv that detects it

37
Q

indirect defense (idk if OT)

A

plant makes use of a third party to defend itself, using secondary plant metabolites to call for assistance

38
Q

what are the morphological adaptations seen in insects? (2)

A

Ex: acorn weevil – larvae feed on seeds of acorns, have specialized mouthparts that can grind through the acron to deposit eggs

Ex: horntails –feed on bark of tree, deposit eggs to pierce through bark to deposit eggs where they can feed

39
Q

what are the behavioural adaptations seen in insects?

A

Eat parts of leaves to avoid or limit production of defensive compounds

Chew a ring of tissue, cuts off the ability of plants to transport metabolites for defense

40
Q

what is an ex of a behavioural adaptation seen in caterpillars?

A

trenching – seen in leaves with caterpillars

41
Q

behavioural adaptations used by plants lead to the production of what?

A

secondary metabolites

42
Q

what are exs of biological conditioning seen in insects?

A

Ex: inoculation of plant with fungi (& bacteria or both) to alter/suppress plant defenses or improve plant nutrition for offspring

Mycangium – structure on body adapted to transport spores of symbiotic fungi

43
Q

exs of detoxification enzymes

A

the parsnip webworm can metabolize furanocoumarins & neutralize plant defenses

saliva - Injected into plant tissues to reduce production of or break down induced secondary compounds (ex: corn earworm caterpillars feeding on tobacco plants)

44
Q

sequestration

A

Storage of toxic/distasteful secondary plant metabolites in tissues (of insects)

become distasteful & poisonous to predators

45
Q

what insects sequester cardenolides? (3)

A

turnip sawfly

milkweed bug

monarch butterfly

46
Q

what adaptation to overcome plant defenses is accompanied with aposematic colouration?

A

sequestration

47
Q

substitution of an NA has enabled insects to do once? How many times did this happen?

A

genetic resistance enabling insects to feed on plants containing cardenolide poisons

occurred 4 diff times leadingto4 diff orders

48
Q

what is an adaptation to overcome plant defenses that occurs at a pop level response?

A

mass attack

49
Q

describe the mass attack of bark beetles & mountain pine beetles

A

females need to bore through bark to deposit eggs, when this occurs, the holes they bore fills up with sticky material, the beetles can get stuck in it & die

When the female finds a suitable tree she produces an aggregation pheromone to induce beetles to go into the tree, many beetles start going into the tree

Limited amount of pitch the tree can produce (sticky material)

Have a high enough number of beetles to go into the tree & lay eggs

The number of beetles are higher than the amount of pitch the tree can produce to kill them all

Once in the tree, produce antiaggregation pheromone to indicate that the tree if full

Insects (33 decks)

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