Lecture 8 - Appendicular Musculature Flashcards
1
Q
the appendicular musculature is innervated by:
A
spinal nerves that form plexuses
2
Q
what are plexuses?
A
combinations of nerves that come together to form one large nerve that innervates an entire compartment
3
Q
muscle contractions of the appendicular muscles cause:
A
a limb segment to move in a specific plane at a joint
4
Q
when a muscle crosses a joint anteriorly, it ususally:
A
flexes at the joint
5
Q
when a muscle crosses a joint posteriorly, it usually:
A
extends at the joint
6
Q
when a muscle crosses a joint laterally, it will:
A
abduct or laterally rotate at the joint
7
Q
when a muscle crosses a joint medially, it will:
A
adduct or medially rotate at the joint
8
Q
if a muscle crosses the shoulder joint superiorly, it will:
A
abduct the arm
9
Q
is a muscle crosses the shoulder joint inferiorly, it will:
A
adduct the arm
10
Q
the upper limb is innervated by the ______, except for the _____, which is innervated by a cranial nerve
A
brachial plexus, trapezius
11
Q
what are the four major muscle groups crossing the upper limb joints?
A
- shoulder (pectoral girdle)
- arm
- forearm
- hand
12
Q
upper limb joints are designed for:
A
mobility
13
Q
superficial muscle of the pectoral girdle which connects from the occipital and spinous processes to the clavicle and scapular spine
A
trapezius
14
Q
what is the function of the trapezius?
A
elevator, retractor, and depressor of the scapula (multiple fibre orientations allow for multiple actions)
15
Q
superficial pectoral girdle muscle that connects from the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae to the superior vertebral border of the scapula
A
levator scapulae
16
Q
what is the function of the levator scapulae?
A
elevator of the scapula
17
Q
superficial percotral girdle muscles that run from the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae to the vertebral border of the scapula
A
rhomboids (major and minor)
18
Q
what is the function of the rhomboids?
A
retractors of the scapula
19
Q
superficial pectoral girdle muscle that runs from the ribs to the vertebral border of the scapula (anterior surface)
A
serratus anterior
20
Q
what is the function of the serratus anterior?
A
protractor of the scapula (brings the scapula forward
21
Q
the trapezius and the serratus anterior work together to rotate the ______ so that the arm ______
A
scapula, can reach all the way up
22
Q
the levator scapulae, rhomboids, and the pectoralis minor work together to bring the _____ back to resting postition
A
scapula (brings glenoid cavity back down)
23
Q
superficial muscle of the shoulder joint which runs from the ribs, sternum, and clavicle to the lateral side of the intertubercular sulcus
A
pectoralis major
24
Q
what is the function of the pectoralis major?
A
arm adductor, flexor, and medial rotator
25
superficial muscle of the shoulder joint which runs from the clavicle and scapular spine to the deltoid tuberosity on the humerus
deltoideus
26
what is the purpose of the deltoideus?
major arm abductor, flexor, and medial rotator (anterior part)
27
deep muscle of the shoulder joint which runs from the subscapular fossa to the lesser tubercle of the humerus
subscapularis
28
what is the function of the subscapularis?
medial arm rotator (rotator cuff muscle)
29
superficial muscle of the shoulder joint which runs from the spinous processes, ribs, and iliac crest to the intertubular sulcus
latissimus dorsi
30
what is the function of the latissimus dorsi?
powerful arm retractor (pull down motion), extensor, adductor, and medial rotator
31
muscle of the shoulder joint that runs from the inferior angle of the scapula to the medial side of the intertubular sulcus
teres major
32
a synergist to the latissimus dorsi, often known as "lats little helper"
teres major
33
what is the function of the teres major?
arm extensor and medial rotator (assists latissimus dorsi)
34
muscle of the shoulder joint which connects from the supraspinous fossa to the greater tubercle
supraspinatus
35
what is the function of the supraspinatus?
an arm abductor that assists the deltoid (first 15% of the movement)
36
muscle of the shoulder joint which runs from the infraspinous fossa (scapula) to the greater tubercle (humerus)
infraspinatus
37
what is the function of the infraspinatus?
lateral arm rotator
38
muscle of the shoulder joint which runs from the axillary border (scapula) to the greater tubercle (humerus)
teres minor
39
what is the function of the teres minor?
lateral arm rotator
40
what are the four muscles in the rotator cuff?
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
- subscapularis
(SITS)
41
what is the function of the rotator cuff muscles as a whole?
reinforce the shoulder joint capsule and hold the humeral head against the glenoid fossa, preventing dislocation of the shoulder joint
42
all of the rotator cuff muscles attach to the greater tuberosity of the humerus, EXCEPT:
the subscapularis
43
muscle of the elbow joint which runs from the humeral shaft to the coronoid process of the ulna
brachialis
44
what is the function of the brachialis?
powerful forearm flexor (especially when protonated)
45
muscles of the elbow joint which runs from the scapula (above the glenoid cavity and coracoid process) to the radial tuberosity
biceps brachii
46
what is the function of the biceps brachii?
powerful forearm supinator (strongest in the body), forearm flexor, and assists the arm flexing at the shoulder joint
47
muscle of the elbow joint which runs above th lateral epicondyle to the styloid process of the radius
brachioradialis
48
what is the function of the brachioradialis?
forearm flexor when half protonated (drinking muscle)
49
three muscles of the elbow joint which attaches from under the glenoid cavity, the superior shaft of the humerus, and the inferior shaft of the humerus to the olecranon process
triceps brachii
50
what is the function of the riceps brachii?
forearm extensor
51
many of the flexors of the forearm attach/originate from here
medial epicondyle
52
what are the three superficial muscles that move the wrist joint anteriorly? where do they attach?
- flexor carpi radialis
- palmaris longus
- flexor carpis ulnaris
runs from the medial epicondyle to the flexor retinaculum
53
what is the function of the flexor carpi radialis?
hand flexor and abductor
54
what is the function of the palmaris longus?
weak hand flexor (not everyone has it)
55
what is the function of the flexor carpi ulnaris?
hand flexor and adductor
56
strong fibrous band forming the roof of the carpal tunnel which tacks down the tendons in the hand
flexor retinaculum
57
what are the anterior muscles moving the digits (intermediate layer)?
flexor digitorum superficialis
58
what is the function of the flexor digitorum superficialis?
finger flexor (digist 2-5), the muscle will move all joints prior to that (ex: wrist, carpometacarpal)
59
deep anterior muscle moving the digits which runs from the radial shaft to the distal phalanx of digit 1
flexor pollicis longus (FPL)
60
deep anterior muscle moving the digits which runs from the ulnar shaft to the phalanges of digist 2-5
flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)
61
what is the function of the FPL and FDP?
thumb and finger flexors
62
repetitive motion of flexor tendons in the hand can irritate their _____, leading to swelling and compression of the medial nerve in the _____
sheath coverings, carpal tunnel
63
posterior muscles of the wrist joint which run from the lateral epicondyle to the carpals
externsor carpi radialis longus and brevis, and the extensor carpi ulnaris
64
what is the function of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis?
hand extensor and abductor
65
what is the function of the extensor carpi ulnaris?
hand extensor and adductor (synergist of the flexor carpi ulnaris)
66
what is the function of the extensor retinaculum?
strong fibrous band holding the tendons in place
67
posterior muscles that move the digits and attach to the lateral epicondyle
- extensor digitorum
- extensor digiti minimi
- externsors (longus and brevis) pollicis (no epicondyle)
- abductor pollicis (no epidondyle)
68
what is the function of the extensor digitorum and extensor digiti minimi?
the extensor digitorum extends digits 2-4, and the extensor digiti minimi extends digit 5
69
what is the function of the extensors pollicis and abductor pollicis?
thumb extensor and abductors
70
forearm muscle which runs from the lateral epicondyle to the radius, and wraps around the radius when supinated
supinator
71
forearm muscle which runs from the medial epicondyle to the radius (crosses the ulna)
pronator teres
72
wrist muscle which attaches between the radius and ulna and assists with pronation
pronator quadratus
73
what is the function of the three palmer interossei muscles?
finger adductors
74
what is the function of the four lumbrical muscles?
flexor of metacarpophalangeal joints, extensors for interphalangeal joints (helps with precision movements like writing)
75
name the three hypothenar muscles
- flexor digiti minimi
- opponens digiti minimi
- abductor digiti minimi
76
name the three thenar muscles
- flexor pollicis brevis
- opponens pollicis
- abductor pollicis brevis
77
what is the function of the hypothenar and thenar muscles?
important role in opposition movements
78
what is the function of the four doral interossei?
finger abductors of digits 2-4 at the metacarpophalangeal joints
79
the muscles in the lower limb are inneverated by:
the lumbosacral plexus
80
what are the four major muscle groups of the lower limb?
- hip (pelvic girdle)
- thigh
- leg
- foot
81
lower limbs are designed for:
stability
82
muscle of the hip joint which runs from the ilium to the greater trochanter (femur)
gluteus minimus
83
what is the function of the gluteus minimus
thigh abductor and medial rotator
84
muscle of the hip joint which runs from the iliac crest to the greater trochanter (femur)
gluteus medius
85
what is the function of the gluteus medius
thigh abductor and medial rotator
86
the gluteus medius and minimus are:
synergists
87
muscle of the hip joint which runs from the iliac crest and sacrum to the gluteal tuberosity
gluteus maximus
88
what is the function of the gluteus maximus?
thigh hyper extensor and lateral rotator (good for running and climbing)
89
muscle of the hip joint that runs from the iliac foss and transverse processes (lumbar) to the lesser trochanter (femur)
iliopsoas
90
what is the function of the iliopsoas?
major thigh flexor
91
muscle group in the hip joint which runs from the pubis to the linea aspera (femur)
adductor muscle group (magnus, longus, brevis)
92
what is the function of the adductor muscle group?
thigh adductor (shocking), flexor, and medial rotator
93
muscle group at the knee joint which runs from the ASIS and femoral shaft to the tibial tuberosity via the patella
quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, intermedius, and medialis)
94
what is the function of the quadriceps femoris?
leg extensors, however the rectus femoris is also a thigh flexor at the hip joint
95
muscle of the knee joint which runs from the ASIS to the medial side of the tibial tuberosity
sartorius
96
what is the function of the sartorius?
thigh and leg flexor, abduction, and lateral rotation (Captain Morgan muscle)
97
what are the three hamstring muscles?
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
- biceps femorus
98
two muscles of the knee joint which runs from the ischial tuberosity to the medial condyle of the tibia
semitendonosus and semimembranosus
99
muscle of the knee joint which runs from the ischial tuberosity to the lateral condyle of the tibia and head of the fibula
biceps femoris
100
what is the function of the hamstring muscles?
all are leg flexors at the knee joint, and thigh extensors at the hip joint
101
muscles of the ankle joint which run from the fibula to metatarsals inferiorly
fibularis longus and brevis
102
what is the function of the fibularis muscles?
foot everters and plantarflexors, fibularis longus supports arches of foot
103
muscle of the ankle joint which runs from the tibia to the first metatarsal superiorly
tibilias anterior
104
what is the function of the tibialis anterior?
foot dorsiflexor and invertor at the ankle joint
105
muscle of the ankle joint and digits which runs from the tibia to the distal phalanges
extensor digiorum longus
106
what is the function of the extensor digitorum longus?
to extensor
107
muscle of the ankle joint and digits which runs from the fibula to the distal phalanx of the first digit
extensor hallucis longus
108
what is the function of theextensor hallucis longus?
big toe (hallux) extensor
109
superficial posterior muscle of the ankle joint which runs from the calcaneal (achilles) tendon to the medial and lateral femoral condyles
gastrocnemius
110
deep posterior muscle of the ankle joint which runs from the calcaneal tendon to the shafts of both the tibia and fibula
soleus
111
what is the function of the gastrocnemius and soleus?
both muscles are powerful foot plantarflexors; the gastrocnemius is also a flexor at the knee joint
112
together, th gastrocnemius and soleus are known as the:
triceps surae
