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ANAT 200 > Lecture 2 - Tissue Types > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Tissue Types Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four basic tissue types?

A
  • epithelium
  • connective tissue
  • muscle
  • nerve
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2
Q

what are the four main functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  • forms barriers (b/w inside and outside world, and between compartments within the body)
  • covers exposed body surfaces
  • lines organs, body cavities, and tubes
  • forms all glands of the body
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3
Q

what are the four main functions of connective tissue?

A
  • links tissues and organs together
  • provides structure and metabolic support
  • stores energy
  • forms the immune system
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4
Q

what are the three main functions of muscle tissue?

A
  • specialized for contraction
  • generates force to: produce motion and move substances
  • maintain body temperature
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5
Q

what are the two main functions of nervous tissue?

A
  • receives, processes, and integrates signals from within the body and from the external environment
  • generates and transmits impulses that control and integrate the various functions of the body
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6
Q

what does it mean for a tissue to be continuous?

A

similar cells (look, size, shape) are all lined up with tight jxns between them

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7
Q
  • continuous
  • avascular but richly innervated
  • rest on basal lamina
  • little extracellular matrix (ECM)
  • polarized
  • high regeneration
    these are all characteristics of what type of tissue?
A

epithelia

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8
Q

what does it mean for cells to be polarized?

A
  • organelles are not homogeneous
  • apical and basolateral surfaces differ
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9
Q

basement membranes are formed from:

A

ECM from epithelium (basil lamina) + ECM from connective tissue (reticular lamina)

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10
Q

how are epithelia classified?

A

epithelia are named based on:
1) number of layers of cells
2) shape of cells in outermost (apical) layer

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11
Q

type of epithelia comprised of a single layer of flat cells

A

simple squamous epithelium

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12
Q

where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A
  • lines body cavities (mesothelium)
  • lines heart chambers and blood vessels (endothelium)
  • lines sites of gas exchange in the lungs
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13
Q

what are the functions of simple squamous epithelium?

A
  • secretes lubricating substance (reduces friction)
  • controls vessel permeability
  • allows material to pass by diffusion
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14
Q

type of epithelia comprised of a single layer of cells where height equals width

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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15
Q

where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A
  • in glands and their ducts
  • lines portions of the kidney (tubules)
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16
Q

what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

where secretion and absorption occurs

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17
Q

type of epithelia comprised of a single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

A

simple columnar epithelium

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18
Q

where is simple columnar epithelium found?

A

lines the digestive tract

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19
Q

what is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

A

provides absorption and protection, can secrete mucus and enzymes

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20
Q

type of epithelia comprised of a single layer of epithelia of different sizes (all cells touch the basal lamina but not all may reach luminal/apical surface)

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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21
Q

where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

A

the respiratory tract

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22
Q

what is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

protection, secrection of mucus, and motility

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23
Q

type of epithelia comprised of multiple layers of cells with the outermost layer being thin and flattened

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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24
Q

where is stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

where mechanical stresses are severe
- outer layers of skin (keratinized)
- lines oral cavity, esophagus, anus, and vagina

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25
Q

what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

prevents skin from drying out, provides protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemicals

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26
Q

type of epithelia with two or three layers of cells with the outermost layer of cells of equal height and width

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

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27
Q

where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

in ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands

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28
Q

what is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

involved in secretion

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29
Q

type of epithelia with 2+ layers of cells, height of outer layer of cells greater than width

A

stratified columnar epithelium

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30
Q

where is stratified columnar epithelium found?

A

intermediate locations in humans (reproductive ducts)

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31
Q

what is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

involved in changes of function to organ systems

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32
Q

type of epithelia with multiple layers of cells (outermost layers being dome shaped) that change in appearance with stretching

A

transitional epithelium

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33
Q

where is transitional epithelium found?

A

the urinary tract

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34
Q

what is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

expansion and protection

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35
Q

all glands are composed of what type of cells?

A

epithelial cells

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36
Q

glands that release secretions through ducts onto epithelial surfaces

A

exocrine glands

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37
Q

glands that lack ducts and secrete hormones into the blood

A

endocrine glands

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38
Q

how are exocrine glands formed?

A

1) epithelial cells grow into underlying connective tissue
2) secretory cells remain connected to the surface by a duct

39
Q

how are endocrin glands formed?

A

1) epithelial cells grow into underlying connective tissue
2) connecting cells disappear
3) secretions released into blood vessels

40
Q
  • cells dispersed in abundant ECM
  • provides structural and metabolic support to other tissues and organs
  • link different tissues together
  • link tissues and organs together to generate overall body form
  • aid with wound repair
  • protects body against infection
    these are all characteristics of what type of tissue?
A

connective tissue

41
Q

what are the three classes of connective tissue?

A

proper, fluid, and supportive

42
Q

how are the different types of connective tissue classified?

A

based on:
- specific cell types
- types of fibres
- density of fibres

43
Q

type of connective tissue with many types of cells and extra-cellular fibres in a syrupy ground substance

44
Q

type of connective tissue with a distinctive population of cells suspended in a watery matrix containing dissolved proteins

45
Q

type of connective tissue with a more homogenous population of cells and matrix contains closely packed fibres

A

supporting CT

46
Q

secrete ECM and can produce different fibre types

A

fibroblasts

47
Q

hydrated gel which provides compression strength

A

ground substance

48
Q

collagen, elastic, and reticular are all types of:

49
Q

stores lipid reserves, energy storage

A

adipocytes

50
Q

ingest debris and function in immune response

A

macrophages

51
Q

what are the five basic structures of proper connective tissue?

A
  • fibroblasts
  • ground substance
  • fibres
  • adipocytes
  • macrophages
52
Q

cells that are found in a developing embryo and is the origin of all connective tissue - they remain as stem cells in adult tissue

A

mesenchyme

53
Q

what is the function of loose connective tissue?

A

fills spaces between organs, provide cushioning and support

54
Q

what are the three types of loose connective tissue?

A
  • areolar
  • adipose
  • reticular
55
Q

the most common and least specialized connective tissue which has an open framework (w/ ground substance and elastic fibres)

A

areolar connective tissue

56
Q

what is the function of areolar connective tissue?

A

links together tissues and organs (encompasses organs), and is often found with epithelium

57
Q

type of connective tissues that forms deposits in specific areas of the body (commonly known as fat tissue)

A

adipose connective tissue

58
Q

what is the function of adipose CT?

A

functions in padding, insulation, and energy storage

59
Q

type of connective tissue that forms the stroma for hemopoietic tissues (spleen and bone marrow) and lymphoid structures and organs

A

reticular connective tissue

60
Q

what is the function of reticular connective tissue?

A

forms soft tissue “skeletons”, supportive structure

61
Q

type of connective tissue with relatively little ground substance and few cells compared to other CT

A

dense connective tissue

62
Q

what are the two types of dense connective tissue?

A

regular and irregular

63
Q

type of connective tissue where fibres are aligned in one direction

A

dense regular

64
Q

where is dense regular connective tissue found?

A

forms tendons and ligaments

65
Q

what is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

A

provides attachment, conducts pull of muscles, reduces friction, holds bones in place

66
Q

type of connective tissue where fibres are unaligned and run at a variety of angle

A

dense irregular connective tissue

67
Q

where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

A

dermis of skin, organ capsules, sheaths around bones, muscles, and nerves

68
Q

what is the function of dense irregular tissue?

A

provides strength and resistance to forces in multiple directions, prevents overexpansion of organs

69
Q

what are the four main types of membranes?

A
  • mucus
  • serous
  • cutaneous
  • synovial
70
Q

what two tissue types make up membranes?

A

epithelium and connective tissue

71
Q

what are the two types of fluid connective tissue?

A

blood and lymph

72
Q

what is blood made of?

A

various blood cells (rbcs, wbcs, platelets) and plasma (dilute proteins which forms the fluid matrix)

73
Q

what is lymph made of?

A

lymph fluid (proteins + excess interstitial fluid) and lymphocytes

74
Q

type of connective tissue that consists of cartilage and bone

A

supporting connective tissue

75
Q

what is the function of supporting connective tissue?

A

support and protection of soft tissues in the body and body framework

76
Q
  • elongated cells
  • specialized to contract
  • generates force
    these are all characteristics of what type of tissue?
A

muscle tissue

77
Q

what are the three main types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

78
Q
  • cylindrical
  • multinucleated
  • striated
  • powerful but easily fatigued
  • attaches to bone
  • involved in voluntary contractions
    these are all characteristics of what type of muscle tissue?
A

skeletal muscle

79
Q
  • striated
  • mononucleate (central nucleus)
  • branching fibres with intercalated discs
  • specialized for continuous and rhythmic beating
  • involved in involuntary contractions
    these are all characteristics of what type of muscle tissue?
A

cardiac muscle

80
Q
  • spindle shaped
  • mononucleate (central nucleus)
  • non-striated
  • slow, sustained contractions
  • associated with viscera
  • involved in involuntary contractions
    these are all characteristics of what type of muscle tissue?
A

smooth muscle

81
Q
  • contains large cells with elongated processes
  • contains smaller cells which support, protect, and provide framework for large cells
  • receives, processes and integrates signals from within the body and the external environment
  • generates and transmits impulses which control and integrate the various functions of the body
    these are all characteristics of what type of tissue?
A

nervous tissue

82
Q

what are the four main components of neurons?

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • presynaptic terminals
83
Q

nerve cells and muscle cells interact at the:

A

neuromuscular junctions

84
Q

sensory information being carried to the CNS travels along the:

A

dorsal root

85
Q

motor information being carried away from the CNS travels along the:

A

ventral root

86
Q

most axons in the CNS and PNS are insulated by:

A

myelin sheaths

87
Q

where are myelin sheaths produced?

A

glials cells:
- oligodendrocytes (CNS)
- schwann cells (PNS)

88
Q

what is the purpose of myelin sheaths?

A

protection of axon and increases conduction velocity

89
Q

what are the four main types of supporting cells in the CNS?

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • ependymal cells
  • microglia
90
Q

function as the physical support, metabolic and ionic homeostasis, and protection of the CNS

A

astrocytes

91
Q

produce myelin sheaths in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

92
Q

produces cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

93
Q

functions as macrophages in the CNS

ANAT 200 (24 decks)

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