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ANAT 200 > Lecture 7 - Axial Musculature > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Axial Musculature Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main characteristics of axial musculature?

A

1) innervation by cranial nerves and spinal nerves
2) attachments are found on the axial skeleton, associated organs, and/or soft tissue

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2
Q

what are the five major functions of the axial musculature?

A

1) aids in vision, hearing, mastication, facial expressions and swallowing
2) upright posture & movement of the back
3) support of abdominal & pelvic viscera
4) aid in respiration
5) aids in urination, defecation, & partuition

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3
Q

what are the four major groups of axial muscles?

A

1) head and neck
2) back
3) thorax and abdomen
4) pelvis and perineum

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4
Q

the muscles in the head and neck are innervated by:

A

the cranial nerves

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5
Q

what are the seven muscles of facial expression?

A
  • occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)
  • zygomaticus major
  • buccinator
  • platysma
  • orbicularis oris
  • orbicularis oculus
  • procerus
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6
Q

facial muscle that raises eyebrows, moves scalp, and wrinkles forehead

A

occipitofrontalis

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7
Q

facial muscle that elevates the corner of the mouth, drawing it laterally; smiling

A

zygomaticus major

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8
Q

facial muscle that compresses and holds the shape of cheeks; helps with chewing and blowing

A

buccinator

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9
Q

facial muscle that tenses skin of neck, stretching from the mandible to the skin of the neck (most superficial neck muscle)

A

platysma

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10
Q

facial muscle that purses lips and aids in chewing, kissing, and whistling

A

orbicularis oris

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11
Q

facial muscle that closes eyelids (blinking, sleeping)

A

orbicularis oculi

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12
Q

facial muscle that moves the nose (nostrils), and draws medial side of eyebrow inferiorly

A

procerus

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13
Q

all of the facial muscles have at least one attachment to bone, and one attachment to ____

A

the skin

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14
Q

what are the seven extra-ocular muscles?

A
  • levator palpebrae superioris
  • superior rectus
  • inferior rectus
  • medial rectus
  • lateral rectus
  • inferior oblique
  • superior oblique
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15
Q

extra-ocular muscle which elevates the eyelid

A

levator palpebrae superioris

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16
Q

extra-ocular muscle which helps the eye look up

A

superior rectus

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17
Q

extra-ocular muscle which helps the eye look down

A

inferior rectus

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18
Q

extra-ocular muscle which helps the eye perform adduction

A

medial rectus

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19
Q

extra-ocular muscle which helps the eye perform abduction

A

lateral rectus

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20
Q

extra-ocular muscle which helps the eye roll up and laterally

A

inferior oblique

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21
Q

extra-ocular muscle which helps the eye roll down and laterally

A

superior oblique

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22
Q

why do the superior rectus and inferior rectus contract slightly medially?

A

to correct for the muscles that want to move laterally (remember that the axis of the eyeball is not the same as the axis of the orbit)

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23
Q

what type of joint is the temporomandibular joint?

A

an ellipsoid joint (a bicondylar joint that allows both rotation and translation)

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24
Q

what happens at the TMJ when opening the mouth (depression)?

A

1) rotation of the condyle (inferior compartment)
2) translation of the condyle (superior compartment)

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25
Q

what gives the TMJ its ability to rotate and translate?

A

the double plated articular disc (fibrocartilage) increases the range of motion

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26
Q

list the four muscles of mastication

A
  • temporalis
  • masseter
  • lateral pterygoid
  • medial pterygoid
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27
Q

muscle of mastication that reaches from the temporal bone to the coronoid process of the mandible

A

temporalis

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28
Q

muscle of mastication that reaches from the zygomatic arch to the lateral angle of the ramus on the mandible

A

masseter

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29
Q

elevation of the mandible is closure of the:

A

mouth

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30
Q

processes with muscle attachments below the sphenoid bone

A

pterygoid plate

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31
Q

true or false: both the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid come from the lateral pterygoid plate

A

true

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32
Q

muscle of mastication that reaches from the lateral side of the pterygoid plate to the mandibular condyle

A

lateral pterygoid

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33
Q

muscle of mastication that reaches from the medial side of the pterygoid plate to medial angle of the mandibular ramus (acts like a baby masseter)

A

medial pterygoid

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34
Q

all of the muscles of mastication are elevators of the mandible, except for the:

A

lateral pterygoid

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35
Q

where is the centre of rotation of the mandible?

A

the centre of the condyle

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36
Q

what muscle moves to depress the mandible (mouth opening)?

A

lateral pterygoid muscle

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37
Q

what muscle moves first to elevate the mandible (mouth closing)?

A

temporalis

38
Q

the word glossus refers to the:

A

tongue

39
Q

what are the four muscles discussed in class that connect to the tongue?

A
  • palatoglossus (palate to tongue)
  • styloglossus (styloid process to tongue)
  • hyoglossus (hyoid bone to tongue)
  • genioglossus (chin to tongue)
40
Q

these pharyngeal muscles tense and elevate the soft palate to block the nasal cavity

A

tensor and levator palatini

41
Q

this pharyngeal muscle is the first to constrict the pharynx and connects to the mandible

A

superior pharyngeal constrictor

42
Q

this pharyngeal muscle is the second to constrict the pharynx and connects to the hyoid

A

middle pharyngeal constrictor

43
Q

this pharyngeal muscle is the last to constrict the pharynx and connects to both the laryngeal cartilage and cricoid cartilage

A

inferior pharyngeal constrictor

44
Q

why is the order of contraction of the pharangeal muscles significant?

A

prevents food from coming back up the esophagus

45
Q

superficial anterior neck muscle which tenses the floor of the mouth during swallowing

A

mylohyoid muscle

46
Q

superficial anterior neck muscles which elevates the hyloid (and larynx) and helps to close the airway

A

suprahyoid muscles

47
Q

superficial anterior neck muscles stretch from the styloid process to the hyloid, then to the mandible (2 bellies) which assist in depression of the mandible to open the mouth wide

A

digastric muscles

48
Q

how are the superficial anterior neck muscles innervated?

A

by both cranial and spinal nerves (cervical)

49
Q

list the four steps of swallowing in relation to the pharyngeal and neck muscles

A

1) contraction of mylohyoid and all tongue muscles (pushes food posteriorly)
2) contraction of tensor and levator veli palatini muscles (blocks nasal cavity)
3) elevation of larynx by suprahyoid muscles (blocks trachea)
4) sequential contraction from the top of constrictor muscles to esophagus

50
Q

superficial anterior neck muscles which pull down the hyoid bone to stabilize them and bring them back

A

infrahyoid muscles

51
Q

superficial anterior neck muscles which has three muscle attachments and turns the head to opposite side of contraction (one side) and together allow for head flexion

A

sternocleidomastoid

52
Q

where does the sternocleidomastoid attach to?

A

sternum, clavicle, and mastoid

53
Q

how are the deep anterior neck muscles innervated?

A

by spinal (cervical) nerves

54
Q

deep neck muscles which connect from the transverse processes on the cervical vertebrae to the first and second ribs

A

scalene muscles

55
Q

what is the function of scalene muscles?

A

lateral flexors of the neck, elevators of ribs 1&2

56
Q

deep neck muscles which attach from the transverse proccesses to the anterior surface of cervical vertebrae and the occipital bone

A

longus capitus (head), and longus colli (neck)

57
Q

what is the function of the longus colli and longus capitis

A

flexors of the neck and head

58
Q

what is the main purpose of the superficial and deep back muscles?

A

to stand upright (posture)

59
Q

these three muscle groups make up the erector spinae

A

longissimus, spinalis, iliocostalis

60
Q

how are the back muscles innervated?

A

spinal nerves

61
Q

what is the function of the erector spinae?

A

extensors of the back (vital to maintain upright posture)

62
Q

superificial back muscles which connect the transverse processes of the vertebrae and runs from the sacrum to the occipital bone

A

longissimus

63
Q

superficial back muscles which connect the spinous processes of the vertebrae and runs from the sacrum to the occipital bone

A

spinalis

64
Q

superficial back muscles which connect to the ribs and runs from the illium to the upper ribs

A

iliocostalis

65
Q

deep back muscle which attaches to the ilium, transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae, and the lower ribs

A

quadratus lumborum

66
Q

what is the function of the quadratus lumborum?

A

lateral flexor of the trunk and helps with respiration by bringing the ribs back down

67
Q

deep back muscle group that attaches from the transverse to spinous processes, allowing for delicate adjustments of the zygopophysial joints

A

transversospinal group

68
Q

thoracic muscles with three different layers, that connect between every single rib

A

intercostal muscles

69
Q

type of intercostal muscles that elevate the ribs during respiration

A

external intercostals

70
Q

type of intercostal muscles that assist in forced exhalation

A

internal intercostals

71
Q

type of intercostal muscles that hold the rib cage in place (fixators)

A

innermost intercostals

72
Q

relaxation of the intercostals will initiate ____ with abdominals and diaphragm

A

exhalation

73
Q

contraction of the _____ will initiate inhalation and increase the volume of the thoracic cavity

A

external intercostals

74
Q

muscle which separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is the chief muscle of respiration (expands the thoracic cavity and compresses the abdominopelvic cavity)

A

diaphragm

75
Q

C3, 4, 5, keeps the ____ alive

A

diaphragm

76
Q

what are the three main attachments of the diaphragm

A
  • sternum (xiphoid process)
  • ribs 7-12 and associated costal cartilage
  • lumbar vertebrae (to central tendon)
77
Q

contraction of the diaphragm during inhalation brings the ______ down to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity

A

central tendon

78
Q

what are the three holes in the diaphragm for?

A
  • inferior vena cava
  • esophagus (and vena cava go through the muscle and are squeezed closed when the diaphragm contracts)
  • aorta (goes behind the diaphragm and does not get squeezed)
79
Q

most of the abdominal muscles are continuums of the:

A

thoracic muscles

80
Q

what is the function of the rectus abdominis and where does it attach?

A

flexor of the trunk and can help with respiration, attaches to the ribs, sternum, and pubis

81
Q

what is the function of the two abdominal obliques?

A

lateral flexors and rotators of the trunk

82
Q

what is the function of the transversus abdominus (deepest abdominal mm.)?

A

stabilizer

83
Q

forms the pelvic diaphragm/floor and provides support to pelvic viscera

A

levator ani

84
Q

how are the pelvic muscles inervated?

A

sacral spinal nerves

85
Q

what three muscles make up the levator ani?

A

pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, puborectalis

86
Q

not a part of the levator ani but helps with stabilization of the pelvis

A

coccygeus

87
Q

the perineal muscles are innervated by:

A

sacral spinal nerves

88
Q

regulates the urethral opening

A

external urethral sphincter

89
Q

regulates the anal opening

A

external anal sphincter

90
Q

muscles which lie over the erectile tissue. contraction increases blood flow into the erectile tissue.

A

ischiocavernosus (lateral) and bulbospongiosus (medial)

ANAT 200 (24 decks)

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