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ANAT 200 > Lecture 22 - The Female Reproductive System Part I > Flashcards

Lecture 22 - The Female Reproductive System Part I Flashcards

1
Q

what are the seven main functions of the female reproductive system?

A

1) production of female gametes and sex hormones
2) reception of male gametes
3) site for fertilization
4) transport of fertilized zygote to the uterus
5) site of development of the embryo/foetus (uterus)
6) mechanism for copulation and partuition (vaginal canal)
7) provision of nutrition for the newborn (mammary glands)

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2
Q

part of the female reproductive system responsible for the production of gametes and sex hormones

A

ovaries (gonads)

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3
Q

the reproductive tracts in the female repro system

A

uterine tubes (fallopian tubes) and uterus

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4
Q

site of transportation of the ovum and fertilization

A

uterine tubes

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5
Q

site of implantation and development of the foetus

A

uterus

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6
Q

what are the accessory glands to the female reproductive system?

A

the pituitary gland and mammary glands

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7
Q

gland which stimulates oogenesis and ovulation

A

pituitary gland

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8
Q

glands which are responsible for nutrition of the newborn

A

mammary glands

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9
Q

what is the organ of copulation for females?

A

the vagina (also a common pathway for the birth canal)

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10
Q

what is the difference between the greater (false) pelvis and the lesser (true) pelvis?

A

there are still abdominal organs in the greater pelvic, but the lesser pelvis contains only pelvic organs

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11
Q

what is different about the parietal peritoneum in biological males versus biological females?

A

in biological males, this is a complete separation as the parietal peritoneum covers all of the pelvic organs. however, in the biological females, this is incomplete, and there are two openings from the pelvic cavity into the abdominal cavity via the uterine tubes

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12
Q

the parietal peritoneum over the female reproductive organs forms the:

A

broad ligament of the uterus

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13
Q

the lowest part of the abdominal cavity in biological females

A

the rectouterine pouch

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14
Q

part of the uterus made up of fibrous tissue instead of muscle

A

the cervix

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15
Q

how many fornices around the uterus are there?

A

4

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16
Q

what is the vestibule?

A

part of the female reproductive system that lies between the labia minora; like a lobby for the vaginal canal

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17
Q

is the urethra anterior or posterior to the vaginal canal?

A

anterior

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18
Q

what are the parts of the uterine tubes?

A
  • fimbriae
  • infundibulum
  • ampulla
  • isthmus
  • intramural
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19
Q

the part of the uterine tubes which open into the uterus

A

the intramural

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20
Q

part of the uterine tubes with finger like projections that try to catch the ova

A

fimbriae

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21
Q

part of the uterine tubes which act like a funnel

A

the infundibulum

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22
Q

the broad ligament of the uterus is made of parietal peritoneum, but it is also technically a:

A

mesentary (two layers of peritoneum)

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23
Q

the mesentary of the uterine tube

A

mesosalpinx

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24
Q

mesentary of the ovary

A

mesovarium

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25
Q

mesentary of the uterus

A

mesometrium

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26
Q

what are the three parts of the broad ligament of the uterus?

A
  • mesosalpinx
  • mesovarium
  • mesometrium
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27
Q

ligament which runs from the sacrum to the uterus, attaching the uterus to the posterior body wall

A

uterosacral ligament

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28
Q

ligament on either side of the of the uterus which goes to the body wall and contains uterine vasculature

A

transverse ligament

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29
Q

ligament wich runs from the uterus to the ovary

A

ovarian ligament

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30
Q

ligament which runs from the uterus to the inguinal canal on the anterior body wall

A

round ligament of the uterus

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31
Q

ligament which runs from the abdominal aorta/inferior vena cava to the ovary and contains ovarian vasculature

A

suspensatory ligament of the uterus

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32
Q

which uterine/ovarian ligament is a remnant of fetal development?

A

the round ligament of the uterus

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33
Q

what are the structural differences between the ovaries and the testes?

A

the testes are made of a series of tubes and lobules, but the ovaries have a cortex and medulla (like the adrenal glands)

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34
Q

how big are the ovaries?

A

~5cm long, 2.5cm wide, 8mm thick, and weight 6-8g each

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35
Q

what are the major functions of estrogen and progesterone?

A
  • regulate functions of the repro system (and others)
  • generate secondary sex characteristics
  • generate sex drive
  • maintenance of uterus lining (endometrium)
  • stimulates growth and metabolism throughout the body
  • influences brain development
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36
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

term for the production of oocytes

37
Q

a monthly series of events associated with the maturation of the oocyte

A

the ovarian cycle

38
Q

series of events that prepares the uterus for implantation of the fertilized oocyte

A

uterine (menstrual) cycle

39
Q

when are oogonia converted to primary oocytes?

A

in utero (all gametes are formed during fetal development)

40
Q

the primary oocytes are dormant until:

A

puberty (menarche - first menstrual cycle)

41
Q

at birth, the primary oocytes are suspended in:

A

meiosis I

42
Q

when is meiosis I completed?

A

at puberty (a few per menstrual cycle)

43
Q

completion of meiosis I oocytes is characterized by uneven division of _____ and formation of _____

A

the cytoplasm, the first polar body

44
Q

what stimulates the primary oocyte to mature into the secondary oocyte?

A

FSH from the anterior pituitary

45
Q

what hormone stimulates ovulation?

A

LH from the anterior pituitary

46
Q

at ovulation, the secondary oocyte is suspended in:

A

meiosis II

47
Q

meiosis II is only completed if _____ occurs

A

fertilization

48
Q

over the course of the ovarian cycle, the oocytes develop and mature into:

A

ovarian follicles

49
Q

go review the slide about spermatogenesis vs. oogenesis

A

you got this queen!

50
Q

what is a primordial follicle?

A

the primary oocyte + follicle cells (surrounded by simple squamous epithelial cells)

51
Q

what is a primary follicle?

A

the primary oocyte + the zona pellucida + granulosa cells +theca cells

52
Q

what is the purpose of follicle cells in the primordial follicle?

A

will become essential for foetal development

53
Q

what is the zona pellucida?

A

a protein coat that surrounds the primary oocyte

54
Q

what are granulosa cells?

A

cuboidal cells which secrete ECM and form part of the basal lamina of the oocyte

55
Q

what are theca cells?

A

endocrine cells which produce estrogen and communicate with granulosa cells

56
Q

how does the transition from a primary follicle to secondary follicle work?

A

transition occurs as the follicle wall thickens and follicular cells begin to secrete follicular fluid (antrum)

57
Q

what is the secondary follicle?

A

primary oocyte + thick walls + follicular fluid (antrum)

58
Q

theca and granulosa cells produce ____ and release it into ____

A

estrogen, the vasculature

59
Q

estrogen supports the regrowth of:

A

the endometrium after menstruation

60
Q

follicular fluid in the antrum is made of:

A

secretions from cells and blood plasma constituents (sticky fluid)

61
Q

how many secondary follicles are allowed to mature into mature, Graafian follicles?

A

only one

62
Q

what is the cumulus oophorus?

A

granulosa cells which project the oocyte into the antrum in preparation for ovulation

63
Q

in the Graafian follicle, the oocyte is surrounded by a mass of granulosa cells for:

A

glucose metabolism and signalling

64
Q

the mature, Graafian follicle starts ____ and gets as far as ____

A

meiosis II, metaphase

65
Q

in the mature follicles, the oocyte:

A

separates from the follicle wall along with the corona radiata

66
Q

what is the purpose of the corona radiata?

A

helps the oocyte survive after ovulation

67
Q

what is the mature follicle?

A

the secondary oocyte + corona radiata + very thick walls

68
Q

what is the function of non-ovulated follicles?

A

many small follicles are required in early stages of the ovarian cycle to secrete the required estrogen

69
Q

when does ovulation occur?

A

~day 14 of the menstrual cycle

70
Q

how is ovulation stimulated?

A

high concentrations of estrogen triggers the anterior pituitary to secrete a surge of LH, which induces final maturation and ovulation of the follicle

71
Q

how does the oocyte break through the ovary wall?

A

the granulosa cells have enzymes that digest the cortex, and the follicle ruptures

72
Q

where is the oocyte released upon ovulation?

A

the peritoneal cavity (now intraperitoneal) and is swept up by the fimbriae and infundibulum

73
Q

how long does the luteal phase last?

A

~12 days

74
Q

what happens to the empty follicle after ovulation?

A

follicle collapses, ruptures blood vessels, and the remaining granulosa cells proliferate to create the corpus luteum

75
Q

how is the corpus luteum maintained?

A

by LH or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) from the implanted embryo

76
Q

what is the function of the corpus luteum?

A

to secrete estrogen and progesterone (prepares endometrium for implantation of embryo)

77
Q

what is the corpus albicans?

A

scar tissue from a degenerated corpus luteum

78
Q

how is the corpus albicans produced?

A

at the end of the luteal phase, progesterone and estrogen levels drop, causing fibroblasts to create the corpus albicans

79
Q

how is the oocyte transported down the uterine tube?

A

by cilitated epithelium and peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle

80
Q

where does fertilization normally take place?

A

the ampulla of the uterine tube (optimal environment)

81
Q

where does the zygote implant?

A

the mucosa of the uterus

82
Q

a placental hormone that replaces LH after implantation and maintains the corpus luteum during the first trimester of pregnancy

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

83
Q

hormones secreted by the corpus luteum during the first trimester allow for:

A

angiogenesis of uterine vasculature (thick vascular lining)

84
Q

takes over the secretion of hormones at the second trimester

A

the placenta

85
Q

what hormones are secreted by the placenta?

A

mostly estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin

86
Q

what is the function of relaxin in the uterus?

A

prepares the cervix for delivery

87
Q

what is the placenta?

A

a temporary organ which connects the foetus to the uterine wall via the umbilical cord

88
Q

what are the six main functions of the placenta?

A
  • nutrient intake
  • thermo-regulation
  • waste elimination
  • gas exchange
  • fight against internal infections
  • produces hCG (endocrine organ)

ANAT 200 (24 decks)

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