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ANAT 200 > Lecture 10 - Heart and Great Vessels > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Heart and Great Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four main components of cardiovascular system?

A
  • the heart (pump)
  • arteries and veins (conducting vessels)
  • capillaries (sites for exchange with the tissues)
  • lymphatic vessels (drainage system)
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2
Q

what are the three main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

1) maintain homeostasis
2) transport
3) regulation of body temperature

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3
Q

what are the four main types of transport carried out by the cardiovascular system?

A

1) metabolites and waste
2) hormones and signalling molecules
3) dissolved gases (O2 and CO2)
4) immune and inflammatory cells

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4
Q

what are the two circuits of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • pulmonary circuit to the lungs
  • systemic circuit to the rest of the body
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5
Q

the heart resides in the _____, a central region of the _____ within the rib cage and bounded on the left and right by the ______

A

mediastinum, thorax, lungs

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6
Q

contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, and large blood vessels

A

mediastinum

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7
Q

are the lungs a part of the mediastinum?

A

no

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8
Q

forms a tough, fibrous protective sack for the heart

A

pericardium

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9
Q

what are the two layers of the pericardium?

A

parietal pericardium and fibrous pericardium

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10
Q

layer of the pericardium made of tough CT and does not stretch

A

fibrous pericardium

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11
Q

layer of the pericardium made of smooth, flat epithelia that secretes fluid and reduces friction

A

parietal (serous) pericardium

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12
Q

what are the three layers of the heart wall?

A

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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13
Q

layer of the heart wall made of smooth epithelium that secretes fluid and interacts with parietal pericardium to reduce friction

A

epicardium

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14
Q

layer of the heart wall made of unique cardiac cell tissue with varying thickness

A

myocardium

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15
Q

layer of the heart wall made of smooth epithelia which prevents blood clotting

A

endocardium

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16
Q

where is the apex of the heart?

A

tips of the ventricles (pointy part)

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17
Q

where is the base of the heart?

A

where most of the vessels connect to the heart

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18
Q

collects blood from the lower part of the body

A

inferior vena cava

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19
Q

collects blood from the upper part of the body

A

superior vena cava

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20
Q

receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava

A

right atrium

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21
Q

the walls of the right atrium are made of a unique type of muscle called

A

pectinate muscle

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22
Q

blood enters the right atrium through here (blood comes from the heart’s own blood supply)

A

coronary sinus

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23
Q

area of the right atrium which can stretch to allow for more blood to enter (also has pectinate muscle)

A

atrial appendage (auricle)

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24
Q

how thick are the walls of the right atrium?

A

not very

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25
Q

what is the purpose of the heart valves?

A

prevent blood backflow

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26
Q

attach leaflets of the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscles

A

chordae tendinae

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27
Q

how do atrioventricular valves work?

A

when ventricles contract, blood gets under the cusps and pushes them up and closed

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28
Q

what is the is function of the papillary muscles and chordae tendinae?

A

prevents valves from flapping back into the atrium (keeps it at a horizontal)

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29
Q

where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

between the right atrium and right ventricle

30
Q

how many leaflets or cusps does the semilunar valve have?

A

three

31
Q

how do the semilunar valves work?

A

when blood falls back, blood fills the sinuses and leaflets are pushed closed

32
Q

divides into the right and left pulmonary artery

A

pulmonary trunk

33
Q

where is the pulmnoary valve located?

A

between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

34
Q

brings oxygenated blood back to the heart

A

pulmonary veins

35
Q

carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart

A

pulmonary arteries

36
Q

how many pulmonary arteries are there?

A

two

37
Q

how many pulmonary veins are there?

A

four

38
Q

the walls of the left atrium are made up of:

A

a smooth portion and a portion with pectinate muscle

39
Q

which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

A

mitral (bicuspid) valve

40
Q

how many leaflets does the mitral valve have?

A

two

41
Q

when the ventricles are relaxed, blood can ______, and contraction of the atria ______

A

continuously drip inside the ventricles, pushes the last bit inside

42
Q

when the left ventricle contracts, the bicuspid valve closes and blood passes through the:

A

aortic valve

43
Q

what are the two semilunar valves?

A

pulmonary and aortic valves

44
Q

as blood falls back in the aortic valve and fills the sinuses, a little spills into the:

A

coronary arteries

45
Q

should meet in the middle when the semilunar valves close

A

nodule

46
Q

what is special about all four valves in the heart?

A

they all align in the same horizontal plane

47
Q

walls that separate the right and left sides of the heart

A

cardiac septa

48
Q

what are the two types of cardiac septa?

A

interatrial septa and interventricular septa

49
Q

why is the musculature for the left ventricle thicker than the right?

A

because more force is needed to push blood to the body

50
Q

what are coronary vessels?

A

the vascular supply to the heart tissue

51
Q

where is the right coronary artery located?

A

in the coronary sulcus between the right atrium and ventricle

52
Q

where is the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery located?

A

in the coronary sulcus

53
Q

where is the anterior interventricular artery located?

A

runs along the anterior interventricular septum (feeds conduction system)

54
Q

where is the posterior interventricular artery located?

A

in posterior interventricular sulcus

55
Q

the coronary sinus collects _____ from the heart tissue and delivers it to the _____

A

deoxygenated blood, right atrium

56
Q

true or false: the conduction system in the heart is made up of nerve tissue

A

false, conductive cells are sepcialized myocardial cells optimized for spontaneous depolarization and transmission of electrical signals

57
Q

what is the function of gap junctions present between cardiac myocytes?

A

allow ion flow to synchronize muscle contraction and transmit electrical signal

58
Q

make up 99% of the myocardium and are responsible for contraction of the heart

A

contractile cells

59
Q

collection of conductive cells which fire at the fastest rate in the heart (makes them the pacemaker)

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

60
Q

the gatekeeper cells of the heart, pauses to allow the atria to contract before telling the ventricles to contract

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

61
Q

line of conductive cells which tells left atrium to contract at the same time as the right atrium

A

Bachmann’s bundle

62
Q

what is the path of the conductive system through the heart?

A

SA node –> internodal tract/bachmann’s bundle –> AV node –> bundle of His –> left and right bundle branch –> Purkinjie fibers

63
Q

what are the five main steps of the cardiac cycle?

A

1) atrial systole begins
2) atrial systole ends and atrial diastole begins
3) ventricular systole
4) ventricular diastole - early
5) ventricular diastole - late

64
Q

what is the “lub” sound of the heart?

A

the AV valves closing

65
Q

what is the “dub” sound of the heart?

A

semilunar valves closing

66
Q

by placing a stethoscope at specific areas of the chest, the sounds of the individual valves can be:

A

amplified

67
Q

what is the purpose of an electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)?

A

an assessment of electrical activity of the heart

68
Q

how many vessels are associated with the arch of the aorta?

A

3

69
Q

the vessels that stem from the arch of the aorta feed the:

A

head and upper limbs

70
Q

what are the three branches that stem from the aortic arch?

A
  • brachiocephalic trunk
  • left common carotid artery
  • left subclavian artery
71
Q

the brachiocephalic trunk separates into:

A

the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery

ANAT 200 (16 decks)

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