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ANAT 200 > Lecture 15 - Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Lecture 15 - Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

collections of axons coming off the brainstem

A

cranial nerves

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2
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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3
Q

what type of neurons are the cranial nerves?

A

some pure motor, some pure sensory, others mixed

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4
Q

which of the cranial nerves are involved in parasympathetic stimulation?

A

III, VII, IX, and X

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5
Q

cell bodies of sensory neurons live in:

A

CN ganglia

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6
Q

the only cranial nerves that don’t come off the brainstem

A

I and II

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7
Q

cranial nerve I is called the:

A

olfactory nerve

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8
Q

what type of nerve is the olfactory nerve and what is its function?

A

pure sensory, responsible for sense of smell

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9
Q

sensory receptors in the roof of the nasal cavity

A

olfactory epithelium

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10
Q

olfactory nerve filaments supplies the:

A

olfactory epithelium

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11
Q

what is the path that sensory information follows through the olfactory nerve?

A

olfactory epithelium –> olfactory nerve –> olfactory bulb –> olfactory tract –> primary olfactory cortex

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12
Q

where is the primary olfactory cortex located?

A

the temporal lobe

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13
Q

the only sensory system to bypass the thalamus?

A

olfactory nerve system

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14
Q

damage or disease of the olfactory leads to:

A

hyposmia/anosmia (decreased ability to smell)

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15
Q

cranial nerve II is called the:

A

optic nerve

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16
Q

what type of nerve is the optic nerve and what is its function?

A

pure sensory, vision

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17
Q

what is the path that sensory information follows through the optic nerve?

A

retina –> axons of ganglion cells –> optic nerve –> optic chiasm –> optic tract –> lateral geniculate nucleus –> optic radiations –> primary visual cortex

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18
Q

what happens in the optic chiasm?

A

some sensory information crosses over to the contralateral side of the brain, some sensory information stays on the ipsolateral side

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19
Q

the lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the:

A

thalamus

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20
Q

the medial aspect of the occipital lobe on either side of the calcarine sulcus

A

primary visual cortex

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21
Q

how are visual fields projected onto the visual cortex?

A

in an inverted and reversed fashion

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22
Q

damage or disease of the optic nerve leads to:

A

visual field defects (ex: blindness)

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23
Q

cranial nerve III is called the:

A

oculomotor nerve

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24
Q

the oculomotor nerve comes off of the:

A

Midbrain

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25
Q

what type of nerve is the oculomotor nerve?

A

mixed nerve (somatic motor and parasympathetic)

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26
Q

the motor components of the oculomotor nerve control:

A

the medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, and levator palpebrae superioris (all extra-ocular muscles except the lateral rectus and superior oblique)

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27
Q

the parasympathetic component of the oculomotor nerve controls:

A

pupillary constriction and accomodation of the lens

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28
Q

damage or disease of the oculomotor nerve leads to:

A

pupillary dilation (unopposed sympathetics) and ophthalamoplegia (eye movements weakened or paralyzed)

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29
Q

cranial nerve IV is called the:

A

trochlear nerve

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30
Q

what type of nerve is the trochlear nerve, and what is its function?

A

motor nerve, innervates the superior oblique muscle (in the eye)

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31
Q

comes off the back of the brainstem (midbrain) and wraps around to reach the superior oblique

A

trochlear nerve (CN IV)

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32
Q

ture or false: isolated damage of the troclear nerve is common

A

false

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33
Q

cranial nerve V is called the:

A

trigeminal nerve

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34
Q

what type of nerve is the trigeminal nerve?

A

mixed nerve (sensory and motor)

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35
Q

CN V has three branches arising from the trigeminal ganglion known as the:

A
  • ophthalmic nerve (V1)
  • maxillary nerve (V2)
  • mandibular nerve (V3)
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36
Q

what is the function of the ophthalmic nerve (V1)?

A

receives sensory information from the eye and upper parts of the face

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37
Q

what is the function of the maxillary nerve (V2)?

A

receives sensory information from the cheek

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38
Q

what is the function of the mandibular nerve (V3)?

A

has both sensory and motor (chewing) innervation in the mandible

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39
Q

disease of the trigeminal nerve leads to:

A

trigeminal neuralgia (nerves fire for no reason and causes excruciating pain)

40
Q

supplies sensation to the frontal and ethmoidal paranasal air sinuses, nasal cavity, upper eyelid, side of the nose, forehead, and scalp

A

ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)

41
Q

enters the floor of the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure

A

maxillary nerve (CN V2)

42
Q

supplies sensation to the maxillary air sinus, nasal cavity, lower eyelid, skin of cheek, upper lip, and upper teeth/gums

A

maxillary nerve (CN V2)

43
Q

the largest branch of the trigeminal nerve

A

mandibular nerve (CN V3)

44
Q

supplies motor commands to the muscles of mastication

A

mandibular nerve (CN V3)

45
Q

the three main branches of the mandibular nerve (CN V3)

A
  • inferior alveolar nerve
  • lingual nerve
  • mental nerve
46
Q

supplies sensation to the mandibular teeth and gums

A

inferior alveolar nerve

47
Q

supplies sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

lingual nerve

48
Q

supplies sensation to the chin

A

mental nerve

49
Q

the mandibular nerve (V3) carries proprioceptive information from muscles of mastication to brainstem in order to control

A

the force of the bite

50
Q

cranial nerve VII is called the:

A

facial nerve

51
Q

what type of nerve is the facial nerve (CN VII)?

A

mixed nerve (mostly somatic motor, some somatic sensory and parasympathetic)

52
Q

what part of the brainstem does the facial nerve come off of?

53
Q

sensory nerve cell bodies of the facial nerve are found in the:

A

geniculate ganglion

54
Q

what is the motor function of the facial nerve (CN VII)?

A

controls the muscles of facial expression (five sets of branches)

55
Q

what are the five main branches of the facial nerve?

A

1) temporal branch
2) zygomatic branch
3) buccal branch
4) manibular branch
5) cervical branch

56
Q

special branch of the facial nerve that supplies sensory (taste) information of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

chorda tympani nerve (joins lingual nerve)

57
Q

provides parasymapathetic stimulation to the lacrimal gland for tearing

A

pterygopalatine ganglion

58
Q

provides parasympathetic stimulation to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

A

submandibular ganglion

59
Q

damage or disease of the facial nerve leads to:

A

partial loss of taste, salivation, or lacrimation, and Bell’s palsy (hemi-facial paralysis)

60
Q

cranial nerve VIII is called the:

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

61
Q

what type of nerve is the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)?

A

pure sensory nerve

62
Q

what are the two components of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

vestibular and cochlear

63
Q

what type of sensory information comes from the vestibular apparatus?

A

balance and equilibrium

64
Q

disease of the vestibular branch of CN VIII leads to:

A

Meniere’s syndrome (vertigo, nausea, and vomiting)

65
Q

what type of sensory information comes from the organ of corti in the cochlea?

66
Q

the bilateral central pathway in the brainstem carries auditory information to the:

A

primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

67
Q

damage or disease of the cochlear branch of CN VIII leads to:

A

difficulty in localizing sound

68
Q

cranial nerve IX is called the:

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

69
Q

what type of nerve is the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

mixed nerve (somatic motor, somatic sensory, and parasympathetic)

70
Q

what part of the brainstem is CN IX attached to?

71
Q

what is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?

A

supplies the tongue (touch and taste) and pharynx, regulates the gag reflex

72
Q

damage or disease of the glossopharyngeal nerve leads to:

A

difficulty in swallowing and loss of gag reflex

73
Q

CN IX supplies motor information to one muscle. what is that muscle and its function?

A

stylopharyngeus (elevates pharynx)

74
Q

what are the sensory functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

posterior 1/3 of tongue (touch and taste), pharynx, and carotid sinus/body (dip stick for oxygen concentration)

75
Q

the glossopharyngeal nerve supplies parasympathetic infromation to the parotid gland via the:

A

otic ganglion

76
Q

cranial nerve X is called the:

A

vagus nerve

77
Q

what type of nerve is the vagus nerve (CN X)?

A

mixed nerve (motor, sensory, and parasympathetic)

78
Q

what part of the brainstem is CN X attached to?

A

the medulla

79
Q

damage or disease of the vagus nerve leads to:

A

difficulty in speech and swallowing

80
Q

what is the somatic motor function of the vagus nerve?

A

controls the muscles of the palate, pharynx and larynx

81
Q

what are the sensory functions of the vagues nerve?

A
  • sensation to the palate, pharynx, and larynx (talking)
  • baroreceptors sense stretch in the stomach and bowel
  • carries visceral afferents from the organs to the CNS and tells the brain to increase digestion
82
Q

what are the parasympathetic functions of the vagus nerve?

A
  • parasympathetic nerve for viscera
  • motor control to smooth muscle in thoracic and abdominal organs up to the distal part of the transverse colon
  • regulates heart rate (slows it down)
83
Q

cranial nerve XI is called the:

A

spinal accessory nerve

84
Q

what type of nerve is the spinal accessory nerve?

A

somatic motor only

85
Q

what is the function of the spinal accessory nerve?

A

supplies motor commands to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles in the neck

86
Q

what part of the CNS is the spinal accessory nerve attached to?

A

the medulla and upper spinal cord

87
Q

damage or disease of the spinal accessory nerve leads to:

A

weakness when elevating shoulders, and turning head to one side

88
Q

cranial nerve XII is called the:

A

hypoglossal nerve

89
Q

what type of nerve is the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?

90
Q

what part of the brainstem is the hypoglossal nerve attached to?

A

the medulla

91
Q

supplies motor commands to the muscles of the tongue

A

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

92
Q

damage or disease of the hypoglossal nerve leads to:

A

inability to protrude tongue symmetrically

93
Q

cranial nerve VI is called the:

A

abducent nerve

94
Q

what type of nerve is the abducent nerve and what is its function?

A

pure motor, controls the lateral rectus muscle (abducts the eye)

95
Q

where is the abducent nerve located?

A

the pontomedullary junction (b/w the pons and medulla)

96
Q

which cranial nerve is the longest?

A

the abducent nerve (CN VI)

97
Q

damage of the abducent nerve leads to:

A

paralysis of the lateral rectus (eye deviates medially) and patient complains of double vision (diplopia)

ANAT 200 (24 decks)

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