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ANAT 200 > Lecture 16 - Gastrointestinal System Part I > Flashcards

Lecture 16 - Gastrointestinal System Part I Flashcards

1
Q

what are the seven main functions of the gastrointestinal system?

A
  • ingestion
  • mechanincal processing
  • compaction
  • digestion
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • excretion
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2
Q

swirling, mixing, churning, propulsive motions along the entire GI tract

A

mechanical processing

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3
Q

dehydration of undigested material and converts waste into feces (colon to anus)

A

compaction

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4
Q

chemical and enzymatic breakdown of sugars, lipids, and proteins into small molecules (mostly occurs in the stomach)

A

digestion

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5
Q

movement of molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water into interstitial fluid (blood vessels –> liver –> heart –> rest of the body)

A

absorption

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6
Q

elimination of undigested residue and waste products

A

excretion

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7
Q

what are the main parts of the digestive tract?

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

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8
Q

what are the three main parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

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9
Q

what are the six main parts of the large intestine?

A

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum

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10
Q

what are the four main accessory organs/glands associated with the GI tract?

A
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
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11
Q

what are the four main layers of the GI tube?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscular externis layer
  • serosa
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12
Q

made of epithelium (at the ends of the tube), lamina propria, and muscularis layers

A

mucosa layer

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13
Q

where are glands and immune cells found in the muscosa layer?

A

lamina proporia (connective tissue)

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14
Q

propels content of glands in the lumen

A

muscularis mucosa

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15
Q

a conduit for vasculature, nerves, and lymphatics (includes immune cells, some exocrine glands, and submucosal nerve plexus)

A

submucosa (connective tissue) layer

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16
Q

what is the muscularis externis?

A

the external muscle layer along the GI tube, contains and inner circular smooth layer and an outer longitudinal smooth layer

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17
Q

at the beginning and end of the GI tube, the muscularis externis is made of

A

skeletal (somatic) muscle

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18
Q

contains the myenetric plexus which controls GI motility

A

muscularis externis

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19
Q

layer of the GI tube made of simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue which continually produces watery fluid that lubricates the peritoneal surfaces

A

serosa layer

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20
Q

two layers of serosa is called the:

A

mesentery

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21
Q

the esophagus sits behind the:

A

respiratory system

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22
Q

why cant you swallow and breathe at the same time?

A

because the esophagus goes through the diaphragm and is pinched closed when the diaphragm contracts

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23
Q

which parts of the GI system are in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?

A

liver, gall bladder, duodenum, head of pancreas, transverse colon, and right kidney

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24
Q

which parts of the GI system are in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen?

A

stomach, spleen, body and tail of pancreas, jejunum, transverse colon, and left kidney

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25
Q

which parts of the GI system are in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen?

A

ilieum, cecum, appendix, and ascending colon

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26
Q

which parts of the GI system are in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen?

A

ileum, descending and sigmoid colon

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27
Q

what are the three regions of referred pain in the abdomen?

A

epigastric region, umbilical region, and hypogastric region

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28
Q

where is the midclavicular plane?

A

vertical plane between the clavicles

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29
Q

where is the subcostal plane?

A

horizontal plane below the ribs (L1)

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30
Q

where is the intertubercular plane?

A

horizontal plane in the tubercles of iliac crests (L5)

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31
Q

runs from the abdominal esophagus to the descending part of the duodenum

A

the foregut

32
Q

where does the foregut receive its vasculature and innervation from?

A

the celiac trunk (artery) and celiac ganglia (T7-T9)

33
Q

runs from the descending part of the duodenum to the left colic flexure of the transverse colon

A

the midgut

34
Q

where does the midgut receive its vasculature and innervation from?

A

the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and SMA ganglia (T9-T11)

35
Q

runs from the left colic flexure of the transverse colon to the rectum

A

the hindgut

36
Q

where does the hindgut receive its vasculature and innervation from?

A

the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) and IMA ganglia (T11-L1)

37
Q

the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) supplies blood to the:

A

pancreas (1/2), duodenum (1/2), jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and transverse colon

38
Q

the celiac trunk supplies blood to the:

A

abdominal esophagus, stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas (1/2), and duodenum (1/2)

39
Q

the renal artery supplies blood to the:

A

kidneys and adrenal glands

40
Q

the gonal artery supplies to the:

A

ovaries and testes

41
Q

the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) supplies blood to the:

A

descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum

42
Q

the splenic vein, SMA, and IMA, all drain into the:

A

hepatic portal vein

43
Q

veins from the body wall (renal veins, common iliac veins, gonadal veins) drain directly into the:

A

inferior vena cava

44
Q

all vasculature from the Gi tube will end up in the liver to be filtered via the:

A

hepatic portal vein

45
Q

serous membrane lining the peritoneal (abdominal) body wall and organs

A

peritoneum

46
Q

lines the peritoneal cavity (body wall)

A

parietal peritoneum

47
Q

lining of the peritoneal organs

A

visceral peritoneum

48
Q

2 layers of peritoneum which serves as a conduit for vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

A

mesentery (proper)

49
Q

mesentery from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon (apron like)

A

greater omentum

50
Q

mesentery from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver (important structures found here)

A

lesser omentum

51
Q
  • large pouch of mesentery that forms an apron shape
  • has blood, nerves, and lymphoid tissues
  • lipid deposition for temperature control
  • has immunological function
    these are characteristics of:
A

the greater omentum

52
Q

which organs are retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum)?

A

adrenal glands, kidneys, ureters, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, some anchoring organs (abdominal esophagus, most of the duodenum, pancreas, ascending and descending colon, and all pelvic organs

53
Q

the oral cavity’s mucosal layer is made up of ____ which protects from ____

A

stratified squamous epithelium, abrasion/stress

54
Q

what are the four major functions of the oral cavity?

A

1) sensory analysis of ingested material
2) mechanical digestion (teeth, tongue, palatal surfaces, cheeks)
3) lubrication by mixing ingested material with saliva
4) start of enzymatic digestion (mainly amylase)

55
Q

name the three sets of tonsils

A

1) pharyngeal tonsils
2) palatine tonsils
3) lingual tonsils

56
Q

name the three parts of the pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
57
Q

what is the oral vestibule?

A

the space between the lips, cheeks, and teeth

58
Q

is the pharynx part of the oral cavity?

A

no

59
Q

name the four main layers of the tooth

A

1) enamel
2) dentin
3) pulp cavity
4) root canals

60
Q

glues the tooth to the peridontal ligament

A

cement layer

61
Q

fibrous connective tissue that connects the tooth to the maxilla/mandible (gomphosis)

A

peridontal ligament

62
Q

what are the four types of teeth?

A
  • incisors
  • canines
  • premolars (bicuspid)
  • molars (multi-cuspid)
63
Q

the upper dentition in the maxillae are innervated by the:

A

superior alveolar nerve of the maxillary branch of CN V

64
Q

the lower dentition in the mandible are innervated by the:

A

inferior alveolar nerve of the mandibular branch of CN V

65
Q

how many permanent teeth are there?

A

32

66
Q

how many deciduous (baby) teeth are there?

A

20 (no premolars)

67
Q

most tongue muscles are innervated by what nerve?

A

CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)

68
Q

the intrinsic tongue muscle are responsible for:

A

the shape of the tongue (speech)

69
Q

the extrinsic tongue muscles are responsible for:

A

swallowing (push the tongue superiorly and posteriorly)

70
Q

where on the tongue are taste receptors found?

A

throughout all the different types of papillae

71
Q

the body and root of the tongue are separated by the:

A

terminal sulcus

72
Q

what is the function of salivary glands?

A

serous moistens food (enzymes) and mucus lubricates passage of food

73
Q

what is saliva made out of?

A
  • amylase (initiates carbohydrate digestion)
  • buffers (regulate oral pH)
  • antibodies (for immune surveillance)
74
Q

saliva dissolves chemicals that:

A

stimulate the taste buds

75
Q

are the salivary glands stimulated by the somatic or autonomic nervous system?

A

autonomic

76
Q

extra salivary gland secretions are stimulated by:

A
  • the presence of food in the mouth
  • taste, sight, smell, or thought of food

ANAT 200 (24 decks)

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