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ANAT 200 > Lecture 11 - Blood and Lymph Systems > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Blood and Lymph Systems Flashcards

1
Q

blood and lymph are both types of _______ tissue

A

connective

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2
Q

composed of formed elements and plasma (which forms a fluid matrix)

A

blood

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3
Q

what is lymph fluid?

A

a dilute solution of proteins and excess interstitial fluid

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4
Q

what is lymph made of?

A

lymphocytes and lymph fluid

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5
Q

what are the four main functions of blood?

A

1) distributes nutrients, O2, and hormones
2) carries metabolic wastes away from cells
3) carries CO2 away from tissues to lungs
4) transports cells of the immune system

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6
Q

what is the average volume of blood in the body?

A

4-5L in females, 5-6L in males

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7
Q

the ideal amount of blood for your body size

A

normovolemic

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8
Q

too little blood in the body

A

hypovolemic

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9
Q

too much fluid retention

A

hypervolemic

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10
Q

what is the pH range of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

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11
Q

what is the average temperature of blood?

A

38 degrees Celcius

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12
Q

what are the three main layers of blood after centrifugation?

A

plasma (~55%), buffy coat (~1%), red blood cells (~45%)

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13
Q

what are the four major groups of plasma proteins?

A
  • albumins (60%)
  • globulins (35%)
  • fibrinogen (4%)
  • regulatory proteins (<1%)
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14
Q

what “other” solutes are found in blood plasma?

A
  • electrolytes
  • organic nutrients
  • organic wastes
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15
Q

major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma

A

albumins

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16
Q

what is the purpse of red blood cells (eurythrocytes)?

A

to carry O2 and CO2 to and from tissues

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17
Q

name the five types of white blood cells

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
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18
Q

name the three types of granulocytes

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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19
Q

type of blood cells that destroy bacteria –> respond quickly and are very prevalent

A

neutrophils

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20
Q

type of blood cells that are anti-parasitic and functions in the allergic response

A

eosinophils

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21
Q

type of blood cells that function in the inflammatory response

A

basophils

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22
Q

type of blood cells that become macrophages

A

monocytes

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23
Q

type of blood cells that function in the immune response

A

lymphocytes

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24
Q

what is the function of platelets?

A

clotting reaction

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25
Q

what is the significance of the biconcave disc shape of red blood cells?

A

it creates a high surface area to volume ratio

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26
Q

true or false: upon maturation, red blood cells shed their intracellular structures, including the nucleus as they are not necessary for gas transport

A

true

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27
Q

formed from large stem cells called megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow and lung

A

platlets

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28
Q

what are platlets?

A

membrane bound enzyme packets that pinch off from the cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte

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29
Q

what are the three layers of arteries and veins?

A
  • adventitia
  • media
  • intima
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30
Q

layer of blood vessels composed of connective tissue (ECM + collagen + fibroblasts), attaches vessels to surrounding tissue (covers the vessel)

A

adventitia

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31
Q

layer of blood vessels composed of elastin fibres (absorb blood pressure) and smooth muscle (contract) and regulates diameter

A

media

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32
Q

layer of the blood vessels compose of simpole squamous epithelium (endothelium) and a thin layer of connective tissue

A

intima

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33
Q

equivalent to the endocardium in the heart

A

intima

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34
Q

the media is the largest layer in ____ and the adventitia is the largest layer in ____

A

arteries, veins

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35
Q
  • largest diameter arteries
  • media contains high density of elastic fibers (also has smooth muscle but less per volume)
  • stretch and recoil in response to pumping of heart
  • even out pressure surges
    these are all characteristics of what type of blood vessels?
A

elastic (conducting) arteries

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36
Q
  • medium sized arteries
  • distribute blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs
  • media contains predominantly smooth muscle
  • able to vasoconstrict and vasodilate
    these are all characteristics of what type of blood vessels?
A

muscular (distributing) arteries

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37
Q
  • small to microscopic vessels
  • poorly defined adventitia (loose CT layer)
  • media composed of scattered smooth muscle cells (may have holes)
  • deliver blood to capillaries
  • change in luminal diameter regulates blood pressure
    these are all characteristics of what type of blood vessels?
A

arterioles

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38
Q
  • smallest blood vessels
  • connect arterioles to venules
  • have endothelium and basement membrane
  • mediate exchange between blood and surrounding tissues
    these are all characteristics of what type of blood vessels?
A

capillaries

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39
Q

type of capillaries which have continuous cells and are found in muscle

A

continuous capillaries

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40
Q

type of capillaries that contain holes within the cells (more leakage of fluid) and are found in the kidneys

A

fenestrated capillaries

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41
Q

type of capillaries that contain holes between cells (more leakage of fluid) and are found in the liver

A

discontinuous capillaries

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42
Q

expanded capillaries in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow; they are fenestrated, discontinuous, and have incomplete basement membranes

A

sinusoids

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43
Q

what is the function of precapillary sphincters?

A

controlling the blood flow through capillaries (open/closed depends on activity of tissues)

44
Q

metarterioles connect arterioles to _____. when the sphincters are closed, they shunt blood to _____ via thoroughfare channels

A

capillaries, venules

45
Q

collect blood from organs and tissues and return it to the heart

A

veins

46
Q

veins contain _____% of the blood in the body

A

65-70%

47
Q

veins have a larger capacity to stretch than arteries, and can therefore act as a:

A

blood reserve

48
Q

medium and large veins have a slender ____, but the ____ is the thickest layer

A

media, adventitia

49
Q

venules collect blood from _____, and their walls are composed primarily of _____

A

capillaries, intima

50
Q

what is the purpose of venous valves?

A

prevent the backflow of blood in the arms and legs

51
Q

how do the venous valves work?

A

when muscles contract, this pushes on the veins and forces blood upward

52
Q

why are venous valves necessary?

A

no pump on the distal ends of the body to push blood back to the heart

53
Q

what are the three key parts of the aorta?

A
  • arch of the aorta
  • ascending aorta
  • descending aorta
54
Q

posterior intercostal arteries 3-11 arise from the:

A

descending aorta

55
Q

anterior intercostal arteries arise from the:

A

right and left internal thoracic arteries (internal mammary arteries)

56
Q

true or false: the anterior intercostal arteries are a redundant blood supply

A

true

57
Q

the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries _____ with one another

A

anastamose (a connection or opening between two things)

58
Q

primary blood supply to the brain

A

internal carotid arteries

59
Q

supply blood to the neck and face

A

external carotid arteries

60
Q

swollen region at the base of the internal carotid which contains baroreceptors that measure blood pressure

A

carotid sinus

61
Q

branches of the sublcavian arteries that run through the transverse foramen and provide 20% of the brains blood supply

A

vertebral arteries

62
Q

are the vertebral arteries a redundant blood supply?

A

no

63
Q

at what point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A

the first rib

64
Q

at what point does the axillary become the brachial artery?

A

teres major muscle

65
Q

artery which passes through the armpit

A

axillary artery

66
Q

artery which travels through the upper limb until branches into radial and ulnar arteries

A

brachial artery

67
Q

the descending aorta divides into the _____ arteries, which each divde into _____

A

left and right common iliac, external and internal iliac arteries

68
Q

the internal iliac arteries supply blood to the:

A

pelvic arteries

69
Q

the external iliac arteries supply blood to the:

A

lower limbs

70
Q

the external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery when:

A

it passes below the inguinal ligament

71
Q

what are the seven main veins of the thorax?

A
  • superior vena cava
  • right brachiocephalic vein
  • left brachiocephalic vein
  • right subclavian vein
  • right internal jugular vein
  • left subclavian vein
  • left internal jugular vein
72
Q

transports deoxygenated blood away from the brain and receives branches from the head and neck

A

internal jugular veins

73
Q

collects all the blood from below the diaphragm

A

inferior vena cava

74
Q

what percent of the blood flow goes to the kidneys?

A

20%

75
Q

all blood returning from the abdominal GI system is directed into the _____, which distributes the blood to the _____ for processing by _____ before the blood can enter into general circulation

A

hepatic portal vein, liver, hepatocytes

76
Q

what are the three main functions of the lymphatic system?

A

1) produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes (immune response)
2) assists with maintaining normal blood volume
3) provides an alternate route for transport of hormones, nutrients, and metabolic waste

77
Q

vascular pressure forces water and solutes across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space. how is this fluid returned to the vasculature?

A

by the lymph vessels in thoracic ducts

78
Q

what are the three key components of the lympathic system?

A
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lympathic organs (bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen)
  • lympthatic tissue (tonsils, lining of appendix)
79
Q

lymphatic organs are enclosed by a:

A

fibrous capsule

80
Q

connective tissue network containing dense aggregates of lymphocytes

A

lympathic tissue

81
Q

where do lymphocytes differentiate or reside?

A

lymphatic organs

82
Q

how thick are lymph nodes?

A

1-25mm in diameter

83
Q

lymph flows passively along:

A

a pressure gradient

84
Q

how do lymphatic capillaries absorb fluid?

A

through gaps between overlapping endothelial cells; act like one way valves so fluid can’t leak back out

85
Q

how much of the blood volume enters the interstitial fluid every day?

A

~3.6L, 70%

86
Q

the valves in the lymphatic vessels act similarly to those in:

A

veins

87
Q

the swollen end of the thoracic duct where lymphatic cells/vessels converge

A

cysterna chyli

88
Q

runs beside the aorta

A

thoracic duct

89
Q

what two ducts dump lymph fluid back into the superior vena cava?

A

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

90
Q

what type(s) of lymphocytes are part of the adaptive immune system?

A

B-cells and T-cells

91
Q

produce antibodies in response to foreign antigens

A

B-cells

92
Q

produce cellular responses to foreign antigens, including killing invading cells or signaling to prompt responses from other immune cells

A

T-cells

93
Q

what type(s) of lymphocytes are part of the innate immune system?

A

natural killer cells

94
Q

surveillance cells (like neutrophils) which can attack any cells that appear foreign or diseased, including cancer

A

natural killer cells

95
Q

where are natural killer cells and B-cells made?

A

red bone marrow

96
Q

where are T-cells made?

A

thymus gland

97
Q

what is the function of primary lymphatic organs (bone marrow, thymus gland)?

A

produce, maintain, and store lymphocytes

98
Q

what is the function of secondary lymphatic organs (spleen, lymph nodes)?

A

where most immune responses are initiated

99
Q
  • lies posterior to the manubrium in the superior mediastinum
  • two lobes
  • large early in life, undergoes involution later in life
  • source of T-cells
    these are all characteristics of the:
A

thymus gland

100
Q
  • largest lymphoid organ
  • sits in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen
  • filters the blood, removing abnormal blood cells and components by phagocytosis
  • stores iron recycled from metabolized rbcs
  • initiates immune response by B and T cells in response to circulating antigens
    these are all characteristics of the:
A

spleen

101
Q
  • filter the lymph, removing >99% of of antigens
  • store lymphocytes (major site of immune responses to antigens)
  • become swollen or enlarged due to inflammation or infection
    these are all characteristics of the:
A

lymph nodes

102
Q
  • connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes
  • lack a surrounding capsule
  • often present near external services
  • diffuse (mucous membranes of respiratory and urinary tracts)
  • have nodules
    these are all charcteristics of:
A

lymphoid tissues

103
Q

aggregations of densely packed lymphocytes supported by dense reticular fibres, boundaries are indistinct due to lact of fibrous capsule

A

lymphoid nodules

104
Q

where are lymphoid nodules found?

A

the mucosa of the digestive tract

105
Q

have germinal centres where lymphocytes are dividing

A

lymphoid nodules

ANAT 200 (16 decks)

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