Lecture 11 - Blood and Lymph Systems Flashcards
1
Q
blood and lymph are both types of _______ tissue
A
connective
2
Q
composed of formed elements and plasma (which forms a fluid matrix)
A
blood
3
Q
what is lymph fluid?
A
a dilute solution of proteins and excess interstitial fluid
4
Q
what is lymph made of?
A
lymphocytes and lymph fluid
5
Q
what are the four main functions of blood?
A
1) distributes nutrients, O2, and hormones
2) carries metabolic wastes away from cells
3) carries CO2 away from tissues to lungs
4) transports cells of the immune system
6
Q
what is the average volume of blood in the body?
A
4-5L in females, 5-6L in males
7
Q
the ideal amount of blood for your body size
A
normovolemic
8
Q
too little blood in the body
A
hypovolemic
9
Q
too much fluid retention
A
hypervolemic
10
Q
what is the pH range of blood?
A
7.35-7.45
11
Q
what is the average temperature of blood?
A
38 degrees Celcius
12
Q
what are the three main layers of blood after centrifugation?
A
plasma (~55%), buffy coat (~1%), red blood cells (~45%)
13
Q
what are the four major groups of plasma proteins?
A
- albumins (60%)
- globulins (35%)
- fibrinogen (4%)
- regulatory proteins (<1%)
14
Q
what “other” solutes are found in blood plasma?
A
- electrolytes
- organic nutrients
- organic wastes
15
Q
major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma
A
albumins
16
Q
what is the purpse of red blood cells (eurythrocytes)?
A
to carry O2 and CO2 to and from tissues
17
Q
name the five types of white blood cells
A
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
18
Q
name the three types of granulocytes
A
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
19
Q
type of blood cells that destroy bacteria –> respond quickly and are very prevalent
A
neutrophils
20
Q
type of blood cells that are anti-parasitic and functions in the allergic response
A
eosinophils
21
Q
type of blood cells that function in the inflammatory response
A
basophils
22
Q
type of blood cells that become macrophages
A
monocytes
23
Q
type of blood cells that function in the immune response
A
lymphocytes
24
Q
what is the function of platelets?
A
clotting reaction
25
what is the significance of the biconcave disc shape of red blood cells?
it creates a high surface area to volume ratio
26
true or false: upon maturation, red blood cells shed their intracellular structures, including the nucleus as they are not necessary for gas transport
true
27
formed from large stem cells called megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow and lung
platlets
28
what are platlets?
membrane bound enzyme packets that pinch off from the cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte
29
what are the three layers of arteries and veins?
- adventitia
- media
- intima
30
layer of blood vessels composed of connective tissue (ECM + collagen + fibroblasts), attaches vessels to surrounding tissue (covers the vessel)
adventitia
31
layer of blood vessels composed of elastin fibres (absorb blood pressure) and smooth muscle (contract) and regulates diameter
media
32
layer of the blood vessels compose of simpole squamous epithelium (endothelium) and a thin layer of connective tissue
intima
33
equivalent to the endocardium in the heart
intima
34
the media is the largest layer in ____ and the adventitia is the largest layer in ____
arteries, veins
35
- largest diameter arteries
- media contains high density of elastic fibers (also has smooth muscle but less per volume)
- stretch and recoil in response to pumping of heart
- even out pressure surges
these are all characteristics of what type of blood vessels?
elastic (conducting) arteries
36
- medium sized arteries
- distribute blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs
- media contains predominantly smooth muscle
- able to vasoconstrict and vasodilate
these are all characteristics of what type of blood vessels?
muscular (distributing) arteries
37
- small to microscopic vessels
- poorly defined adventitia (loose CT layer)
- media composed of scattered smooth muscle cells (may have holes)
- deliver blood to capillaries
- change in luminal diameter regulates blood pressure
these are all characteristics of what type of blood vessels?
arterioles
38
- smallest blood vessels
- connect arterioles to venules
- have endothelium and basement membrane
- mediate exchange between blood and surrounding tissues
these are all characteristics of what type of blood vessels?
capillaries
39
type of capillaries which have continuous cells and are found in muscle
continuous capillaries
40
type of capillaries that contain holes within the cells (more leakage of fluid) and are found in the kidneys
fenestrated capillaries
41
type of capillaries that contain holes between cells (more leakage of fluid) and are found in the liver
discontinuous capillaries
42
expanded capillaries in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow; they are fenestrated, discontinuous, and have incomplete basement membranes
sinusoids
43
what is the function of precapillary sphincters?
controlling the blood flow through capillaries (open/closed depends on activity of tissues)
44
metarterioles connect arterioles to _____. when the sphincters are closed, they shunt blood to _____ via thoroughfare channels
capillaries, venules
45
collect blood from organs and tissues and return it to the heart
veins
46
veins contain _____% of the blood in the body
65-70%
47
veins have a larger capacity to stretch than arteries, and can therefore act as a:
blood reserve
48
medium and large veins have a slender ____, but the ____ is the thickest layer
media, adventitia
49
venules collect blood from _____, and their walls are composed primarily of _____
capillaries, intima
50
what is the purpose of venous valves?
prevent the backflow of blood in the arms and legs
51
how do the venous valves work?
when muscles contract, this pushes on the veins and forces blood upward
52
why are venous valves necessary?
no pump on the distal ends of the body to push blood back to the heart
53
what are the three key parts of the aorta?
- arch of the aorta
- ascending aorta
- descending aorta
54
posterior intercostal arteries 3-11 arise from the:
descending aorta
55
anterior intercostal arteries arise from the:
right and left internal thoracic arteries (internal mammary arteries)
56
true or false: the anterior intercostal arteries are a redundant blood supply
true
57
the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries _____ with one another
anastamose (a connection or opening between two things)
58
primary blood supply to the brain
internal carotid arteries
59
supply blood to the neck and face
external carotid arteries
60
swollen region at the base of the internal carotid which contains baroreceptors that measure blood pressure
carotid sinus
61
branches of the sublcavian arteries that run through the transverse foramen and provide 20% of the brains blood supply
vertebral arteries
62
are the vertebral arteries a redundant blood supply?
no
63
at what point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?
the first rib
64
at what point does the axillary become the brachial artery?
teres major muscle
65
artery which passes through the armpit
axillary artery
66
artery which travels through the upper limb until branches into radial and ulnar arteries
brachial artery
67
the descending aorta divides into the _____ arteries, which each divde into _____
left and right common iliac, external and internal iliac arteries
68
the internal iliac arteries supply blood to the:
pelvic arteries
69
the external iliac arteries supply blood to the:
lower limbs
70
the external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery when:
it passes below the inguinal ligament
71
what are the seven main veins of the thorax?
- superior vena cava
- right brachiocephalic vein
- left brachiocephalic vein
- right subclavian vein
- right internal jugular vein
- left subclavian vein
- left internal jugular vein
72
transports deoxygenated blood away from the brain and receives branches from the head and neck
internal jugular veins
73
collects all the blood from below the diaphragm
inferior vena cava
74
what percent of the blood flow goes to the kidneys?
20%
75
all blood returning from the abdominal GI system is directed into the _____, which distributes the blood to the _____ for processing by _____ before the blood can enter into general circulation
hepatic portal vein, liver, hepatocytes
76
what are the three main functions of the lymphatic system?
1) produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes (immune response)
2) assists with maintaining normal blood volume
3) provides an alternate route for transport of hormones, nutrients, and metabolic waste
77
vascular pressure forces water and solutes across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space. how is this fluid returned to the vasculature?
by the lymph vessels in thoracic ducts
78
what are the three key components of the lympathic system?
- lymphatic vessels
- lympathic organs (bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen)
- lympthatic tissue (tonsils, lining of appendix)
79
lymphatic organs are enclosed by a:
fibrous capsule
80
connective tissue network containing dense aggregates of lymphocytes
lympathic tissue
81
where do lymphocytes differentiate or reside?
lymphatic organs
82
how thick are lymph nodes?
1-25mm in diameter
83
lymph flows passively along:
a pressure gradient
84
how do lymphatic capillaries absorb fluid?
through gaps between overlapping endothelial cells; act like one way valves so fluid can't leak back out
85
how much of the blood volume enters the interstitial fluid every day?
~3.6L, 70%
86
the valves in the lymphatic vessels act similarly to those in:
veins
87
the swollen end of the thoracic duct where lymphatic cells/vessels converge
cysterna chyli
88
runs beside the aorta
thoracic duct
89
what two ducts dump lymph fluid back into the superior vena cava?
thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
90
what type(s) of lymphocytes are part of the adaptive immune system?
B-cells and T-cells
91
produce antibodies in response to foreign antigens
B-cells
92
produce cellular responses to foreign antigens, including killing invading cells or signaling to prompt responses from other immune cells
T-cells
93
what type(s) of lymphocytes are part of the innate immune system?
natural killer cells
94
surveillance cells (like neutrophils) which can attack any cells that appear foreign or diseased, including cancer
natural killer cells
95
where are natural killer cells and B-cells made?
red bone marrow
96
where are T-cells made?
thymus gland
97
what is the function of primary lymphatic organs (bone marrow, thymus gland)?
produce, maintain, and store lymphocytes
98
what is the function of secondary lymphatic organs (spleen, lymph nodes)?
where most immune responses are initiated
99
- lies posterior to the manubrium in the superior mediastinum
- two lobes
- large early in life, undergoes involution later in life
- source of T-cells
these are all characteristics of the:
thymus gland
100
- largest lymphoid organ
- sits in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen
- filters the blood, removing abnormal blood cells and components by phagocytosis
- stores iron recycled from metabolized rbcs
- initiates immune response by B and T cells in response to circulating antigens
these are all characteristics of the:
spleen
101
- filter the lymph, removing >99% of of antigens
- store lymphocytes (major site of immune responses to antigens)
- become swollen or enlarged due to inflammation or infection
these are all characteristics of the:
lymph nodes
102
- connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes
- lack a surrounding capsule
- often present near external services
- diffuse (mucous membranes of respiratory and urinary tracts)
- have nodules
these are all charcteristics of:
lymphoid tissues
103
aggregations of densely packed lymphocytes supported by dense reticular fibres, boundaries are indistinct due to lact of fibrous capsule
lymphoid nodules
104
where are lymphoid nodules found?
the mucosa of the digestive tract
105
have germinal centres where lymphocytes are dividing
lymphoid nodules
