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ANAT 200 > Lecture 12 - Neurons and Brain Structure > Flashcards

Lecture 12 - Neurons and Brain Structure Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main function of the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

integrates, processes, and coordinates sensory data and motor commands

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2
Q

the CNS is the seat of higher brain functions, what are those functions?

A
  • Memory
  • Intelligence
  • Learning
  • Emotions
    “MILE”
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3
Q

what is the main function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

carries sensory info from receptors to CNS (afferent division) and carries motor commands to the periphery (efferent division)

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4
Q

what are the three main components of the brain?

A
  • cerebrum
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
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5
Q

in the CNS, collections of cells bodies are known as:

A

nuclei

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6
Q

in the CNS, collections of axons are known as:

A

tracts

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7
Q

in the PNS, collections of cell bodies are known as:

A

ganglia

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8
Q

in the PNS, collections of axons are know as:

A

nerves

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9
Q

nerve cells that conduct signals

A

neurons

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10
Q

support cells for the neurons that help control neuron activity

A

neuroglia

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11
Q

each neuron has about ______ connections with other neurons

A

100 000

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12
Q

neurons encode _____ and conduct it over considerable distances, and transmit it to _____ or _____

A

information, other neurons, various non-neuronal cells

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13
Q

typical motor and cortical neurons are polarized, what does that mean?

A

they look different at each end

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14
Q

dendrites increase the _____ of neurons, this enables them to have ______

A

surface area, lots of connections

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15
Q

how does the action relay electrical impulses/signals?

A

via action potentials

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16
Q

where are neurotransmitters synthesized?

A

in the cell body

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17
Q

how do neurotransmitters get to the synapses?

A

the are carried down the axon along microtubules

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18
Q

the point of contact of an axon terminal with another cell

A

synapse

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19
Q

how do synapses transmit nerve impulses?

A

via neurotransmitters

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20
Q

where are the three places a neuron can synapse?

A
  • with another neuron
  • neuromuscular junctions
  • neuroglandular junctions
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21
Q

what happens when the action potential reaches the synaptic terminal?

A

neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft

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22
Q

what structural feature makes unipolar and bipolar neurons different from multipolar neurons?

A

don’t really have dendrites (have nerve terminals on either side of the cell body)

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23
Q

what are the two main types of glial cells in the PNS?

A

schwann cells and satellite glial cells

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24
Q

what are the four main types of glial cells in the CNS?

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
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25
Q
  • surround sensory neuronal cell bodies
  • play a supportive role (regulate neurotransmitters, O2, and CO2)
    these are all characteristics of:
A

satellite cells

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26
Q
  • myelinate peripheral axons (sensory and motor)
  • encourages electrical signal to travel down the axon and increases conduction velocity
    these are all characteristics of:
A

schwann cells

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27
Q
  • myelinate CNS axons
  • provide structural framework
  • looks like an octopus
    these are all characteristics of:
A

oligodendrocytes

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28
Q

removes cell debris, wastes, and pathogens from the CNS (like a poor man’s macrophage)

29
Q
  • maintain blood brain barrier
  • provide structural support
  • regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations
  • absorb and recycle neurotransmitters
  • form scar tissue after injury (like a brick wall)
    these are all characteristics of:
A

astrocytes

30
Q
  • lines ventricles and central canal
  • assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring of CSF
    these are characteristics of:
A

ependymal cells

31
Q

what are the three layers of the meninges?

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
32
Q

in the meninges, where is CSF found?

A

between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

33
Q

which layer of the meninges is continuous with the outside of the brain?

34
Q

what separates the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

A

longitudinal (interhemispheric) fissure

35
Q

the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain are separated by the:

A

central (rolandic) sulcus

36
Q

the temporal and parietal lobes of the brain are separated by the:

A

lateral (sylvian) fissure

37
Q

what is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

controls movements (motor planning)

38
Q

where is the primary motor cortex found?

A

the frontal lobe, anterior to the central sulcus

39
Q

where is the primary somatosensory cortex found?

A

the parietal lobe, posterior to the central sulcus

40
Q

what is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

processes sensory information from the body

41
Q

what is grey matter?

A

cell bodies

42
Q

what is white matter?

A

myelinated axons

43
Q

what are the three main fibre tracts in the brain?

A
  • association fibres
  • commisural fibres
  • projection fibres
44
Q

what type of tracts are association fibres?

A

intrahemispheric connections (one gyrus to another), can be short or long

45
Q

what type of tracts are commisural fibres?

A

interhemisferic connections (one hemisphere to another)

46
Q

what type of tracts are projection fibres?

A

fibres that run to and from the cortex

47
Q

short association fibres interconnect:

A

adjacent gyri

48
Q

long association fibres interconnect:

A

cerebral lobes

49
Q
  • compares intended movement with evolving movement and corrects for errors
  • ensures movements are smooth, coordinated, and purposeful (skilled)
  • regulates posture and balance
  • helps you learn movements
    these are all characteristics of the:
A

cerebellum

50
Q

diseases such as stroke, cancer, or lesions of the cerebellum can lead to cerebellar ataxia, which causes:

A

intention tremors, and lack of balance/coordination

51
Q

what are the three main structures of the brainstem?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
52
Q
  • contains motor and sensory pathways connecting cerebral cortex to spinal cord
  • houses cranial nerve nuclei
  • contains reticular activating system (important for arousal and consciousness)
  • houses vital centres for regulating heart rate and breathing
  • centres for regulating swallowing and gag reflex
    these are all characteristics of:
A

the brainstem

53
Q

the part of the midbrain that regulates motor activity and releases dopamine

A

substantia nigra

54
Q

neuronal degeneration of the substantia nigra leads to:

A

Parkinson’s disease

55
Q

relay centres for the visual and auditory pathways

56
Q

which cranial nerves are attached to the midbrain

A

III and IV

57
Q

the ‘bridge’ between the cerebrum and cerebellum, contains axon tracts that move up and down

58
Q

which cranial nerves are attached to the pons?

A

V, VI, VII, and VIII

59
Q

contains vital cardio-respiratory regulatory centres

A

medulla (oblongata)

60
Q

which cranial nerves are attached to the medulla?

A

IX, X, XI, and XII

61
Q

how many ventricles are in the brain?

62
Q

supplies blood to the medulla and the cerebellum

A

vertebral artery

63
Q

supplies blood to the pons

A

basilar artery

64
Q

supplies blood to the temporal and occipital lobes

A

posterior cerebral artery

65
Q

connects the internal carotid artery to the posterior cerebral artery

A

posterior comminicating artery

66
Q

supplies blood to the parietal and frontal lobes

A

anterior cerebral artery

67
Q

supplies blood to the medial portions of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

A

middle cerebral artery

68
Q

connects the anterior cerebral arteries

A

anterior communicating artery

ANAT 200 (24 decks)

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