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ANAT 200 > Lecture 12 - Neurons and Brain Structure > Flashcards

Lecture 12 - Neurons and Brain Structure Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main function of the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

integrates, processes, and coordinates sensory data and motor commands

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2
Q

the CNS is the seat of higher brain functions, what are those functions?

A
  • Memory
  • Intelligence
  • Learning
  • Emotions
    “MILE”
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3
Q

what is the main function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

carries sensory info from receptors to CNS (afferent division) and carries motor commands to the periphery (efferent division)

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4
Q

what are the three main components of the brain?

A
  • cerebrum
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
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5
Q

in the CNS, collections of cells bodies are known as:

A

nuclei

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6
Q

in the CNS, collections of axons are known as:

A

tracts

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7
Q

in the PNS, collections of cell bodies are known as:

A

ganglia

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8
Q

in the PNS, collections of axons are know as:

A

nerves

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9
Q

nerve cells that conduct signals

A

neurons

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10
Q

support cells for the neurons that help control neuron activity

A

neuroglia

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11
Q

each neuron has about ______ connections with other neurons

A

100 000

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12
Q

neurons encode _____ and conduct it over considerable distances, and transmit it to _____ or _____

A

information, other neurons, various non-neuronal cells

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13
Q

typical motor and cortical neurons are polarized, what does that mean?

A

they look different at each end

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14
Q

dendrites increase the _____ of neurons, this enables them to have ______

A

surface area, lots of connections

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15
Q

how does the action relay electrical impulses/signals?

A

via action potentials

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16
Q

where are neurotransmitters synthesized?

A

in the cell body

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17
Q

how do neurotransmitters get to the synapses?

A

the are carried down the axon along microtubules

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18
Q

the point of contact of an axon terminal with another cell

A

synapse

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19
Q

how do synapses transmit nerve impulses?

A

via neurotransmitters

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20
Q

where are the three places a neuron can synapse?

A
  • with another neuron
  • neuromuscular junctions
  • neuroglandular junctions
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21
Q

what happens when the action potential reaches the synaptic terminal?

A

neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft

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22
Q

what structural feature makes unipolar and bipolar neurons different from multipolar neurons?

A

don’t really have dendrites (have nerve terminals on either side of the cell body)

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23
Q

what are the two main types of glial cells in the PNS?

A

schwann cells and satellite glial cells

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24
Q

what are the four main types of glial cells in the CNS?

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
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25
- surround sensory neuronal cell bodies - play a supportive role (regulate neurotransmitters, O2, and CO2) these are all characteristics of:
satellite cells
26
- myelinate peripheral axons (sensory and motor) - encourages electrical signal to travel down the axon and increases conduction velocity these are all characteristics of:
schwann cells
27
- myelinate CNS axons - provide structural framework - looks like an octopus these are all characteristics of:
oligodendrocytes
28
removes cell debris, wastes, and pathogens from the CNS (like a poor man's macrophage)
microglia
29
- maintain blood brain barrier - provide structural support - regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations - absorb and recycle neurotransmitters - form scar tissue after injury (like a brick wall) these are all characteristics of:
astrocytes
30
- lines ventricles and central canal - assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring of CSF these are characteristics of:
ependymal cells
31
what are the three layers of the meninges?
- dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater
32
in the meninges, where is CSF found?
between the arachnoid mater and pia mater
33
which layer of the meninges is continuous with the outside of the brain?
pia mater
34
what separates the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
longitudinal (interhemispheric) fissure
35
the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain are separated by the:
central (rolandic) sulcus
36
the temporal and parietal lobes of the brain are separated by the:
lateral (sylvian) fissure
37
what is the function of the primary motor cortex?
controls movements (motor planning)
38
where is the primary motor cortex found?
the frontal lobe, anterior to the central sulcus
39
where is the primary somatosensory cortex found?
the parietal lobe, posterior to the central sulcus
40
what is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?
processes sensory information from the body
41
what is grey matter?
cell bodies
42
what is white matter?
myelinated axons
43
what are the three main fibre tracts in the brain?
- association fibres - commisural fibres - projection fibres
44
what type of tracts are association fibres?
intrahemispheric connections (one gyrus to another), can be short or long
45
what type of tracts are commisural fibres?
interhemisferic connections (one hemisphere to another)
46
what type of tracts are projection fibres?
fibres that run to and from the cortex
47
short association fibres interconnect:
adjacent gyri
48
long association fibres interconnect:
cerebral lobes
49
- compares intended movement with evolving movement and corrects for errors - ensures movements are smooth, coordinated, and purposeful (skilled) - regulates posture and balance - helps you learn movements these are all characteristics of the:
cerebellum
50
diseases such as stroke, cancer, or lesions of the cerebellum can lead to cerebellar ataxia, which causes:
intention tremors, and lack of balance/coordination
51
what are the three main structures of the brainstem?
- midbrain - pons - medulla
52
- contains motor and sensory pathways connecting cerebral cortex to spinal cord - houses cranial nerve nuclei - contains reticular activating system (important for arousal and consciousness) - houses vital centres for regulating heart rate and breathing - centres for regulating swallowing and gag reflex these are all characteristics of:
the brainstem
53
the part of the midbrain that regulates motor activity and releases dopamine
substantia nigra
54
neuronal degeneration of the substantia nigra leads to:
Parkinson's disease
55
relay centres for the visual and auditory pathways
midbrain
56
which cranial nerves are attached to the midbrain
III and IV
57
the 'bridge' between the cerebrum and cerebellum, contains axon tracts that move up and down
pons
58
which cranial nerves are attached to the pons?
V, VI, VII, and VIII
59
contains vital cardio-respiratory regulatory centres
medulla (oblongata)
60
which cranial nerves are attached to the medulla?
IX, X, XI, and XII
61
how many ventricles are in the brain?
4
62
supplies blood to the medulla and the cerebellum
vertebral artery
63
supplies blood to the pons
basilar artery
64
supplies blood to the temporal and occipital lobes
posterior cerebral artery
65
connects the internal carotid artery to the posterior cerebral artery
posterior comminicating artery
66
supplies blood to the parietal and frontal lobes
anterior cerebral artery
67
supplies blood to the medial portions of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
middle cerebral artery
68
connects the anterior cerebral arteries
anterior communicating artery

ANAT 200 (24 decks)

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