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ANAT 200 > Lecture 14 - The PNS > Flashcards

Lecture 14 - The PNS Flashcards

1
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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2
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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3
Q

what structures are innervated by the somatic nervous system?

A

skin, muscle, bone, parietal membranes

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4
Q

what type of tissue does the somatic motor system innervate?

A

skeletal muscle, voluntary control (exception - reflex arc)

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5
Q

what types of sensation are somatic sensory neurons responsible for feeling?

A

pain, temperature, touch, proprioception

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6
Q

what type of pain is felt by somatic sensory neurons?

A

direct pain arising from the site of the injury; sharp, focussed and well-localized

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7
Q

what type of tissue does the autonomic nervous system innervate?

A

supplies viscera (glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, visceral membranes)

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8
Q

what type of pain is felt by the autonomic sensory neurons?

A

stretch or lack of oxygen at the organs, vague, ill-defined and ache like, perceived as indirect or referred pain

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9
Q

spinal nerves are bundles of:

A

axons

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10
Q

at what point do the spinal nerves exit the vertebral column below the vertebrae and not above?

A

transition point at C8

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11
Q

what are the four main classes of spinal nerves?

A
  • somatic afferents (GSA)
  • visceral afferents (GVA)
  • somatic efferents (GSE)
  • visceral efferents (GVE)
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12
Q

detects pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception from the body wall

A

somatic afferents (GSA)

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13
Q

detects pain, distension, and chemical changes in visceral structures

A

visceral afferents (GVA)

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14
Q

motor neurons in the ventral horn projecting to skeletal muscles

A

somatic efferents (GSE)

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15
Q

autonomic fibres (sympathetic or parasympathetic) innervating smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

A

visceral efferents (GVE)

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16
Q

what are the two primary branches of the spinal nerve?

A

dorsal primary ramus, ventral primary ramus

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17
Q

the dorsal and ventral roots are _____ long, and join up to form the ______

A

~1cm, spinal nerve

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18
Q

the spinal nerve exits the vertebral column through the:

A

intervertebral foramen

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19
Q

a dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds a whole spinal or peripheral nerve and fills the spaces between the nerve fascicles

A

epineurium

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20
Q

a protective sheath that surrounds an individual nerve fascicle

A

perineurium

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21
Q

a protective sheath that acts like a saran wrap around an individual axon and its myelin sheath

A

endoneurium

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22
Q

an area of skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root (all spinal nerves innervate a band of skin)

A

dermatomes

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23
Q

what are the three somatic nerve plexuses?

A
  • brachial plexus
  • lumbar plexus
  • lumbosacral plexus
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24
Q

in a nerve plexus, all of the nerves ____ with one another

A

interact

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25
Q

which spinal nerves form the brachial plexus?

A

C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1

26
Q

what are the five main nerves that stem from the brachial plexus?

A

1) axillary (shoulder)
2) musculocutaneous (biceps)
3) median (forearm flexors, thenar)
4) radial (posterior arm and forearm)
5) ulnar (hand muscles - except thumb)

27
Q

which spinal nerves form the lumbar plexus?

A

L1, L2, L3, L4

28
Q

what is the main nerve that stems from the lumbar plexus?

A

the femoral nerve (anterior compartment of thigh)

29
Q

which spinal nerves form the lumbosacral plexus?

A

L4, L5, S1, S2, S3

30
Q

what are the two main nerves that stem from the lumbosacral plexus?

A

1) tibial (posterior thigh, toe muscles)
2) common peroneal (lateral leg, ‘foot drop’)

31
Q

what are the five main steps of the reflex arc?

A

1) arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor
2) activation of a sensory neuron
3) interneuron sends information to be processes in the CNS
4) interneuron activates the motor neuron
5) response by effector

32
Q

what is the purpose of the reflex arc?

A

to remove the body from a painful or uncomfortable stimulus

33
Q

the autonomic nervous system is a _____ pathway

A

two neuron

34
Q

which region of the of the spinal cord/brainstem is part of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

thoracolumbar –> T1-L2

35
Q

which region of the spinal cord/brainstem is part of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

craniosacral –> CN III, CN VII, CN IX, CN X, S2, S3, S4

36
Q

in the somatic motor system, one axons emerges from the ____, and travels to the ____. this is known as the ____

A

CNS, effector site, ‘common final pathway’

37
Q

in the autonomic motor system, the preganglionic fibre travels from the _____, and travels to the _____

A

CNS, autonomic ganglion

38
Q

in the autonomic motor system, the postganglionic fibre travels from the _____, and travels to the _____

A

ganglion, effector site

39
Q
  • has a short preganglionic fibre
  • has a long postganglionic fibre
  • releases norepinephrine/epinephrine into the bloodstream (adrenal medulla) or onto the target tissue
    these are all characteristics of the:
A

sympathetic nervous system

40
Q
  • has a long preganglionic fibre
  • has a short postganglionic fibre
  • releases acetylcholine at the target tissue
    these are all characteristics of the:
A

parasympathetic nervous system

41
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the eyes?

A

dilates pupils

42
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the salivary glands?

A

thick viscid secretion

43
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the trachea and bronchioles?

A

dilation

44
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

A

increases heart rate and contractility

45
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the ureters and bladder?

A

relaxes detrusor m., contracts trigone and sphincter (prevents voiding)

46
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the gastrointestinal system?

A

decreases motility and tone, contracts sphincters

47
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the genetalia?

A

male - stimulates ejaculation
female - relaxes uterus (partuition)

48
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the blood vessels?

A

skeletal muscle - dilates
viscera - constricts

49
Q

list the steps that sympathetic nerves takes to innervate the skin

A

1) preganglionic sympathetic neuron travels down the ventral root in the white ramus communicantes
2) synapses in sympathetic chain ganglion
3) signal exits the ganglion and travels to the skin down the gray ramus communicantes

50
Q

list the steps that sympathetic nerves takes to innervate the heart and lungs

A

1) preganglionic sympathetic neuron travels down the ventral root in the white ramus communicantes
2) synapses in sympathetic chain ganglion
3) signal travels up the chain
4) the signal exits the chain and travels to the heart/lungs

51
Q

list the steps that sympathetic nerves takes to innervate the abdominal viscera

A

1) preganglionic sympathetic neuron travels down the ventral root in the white ramus communicantes
2) signal passes through the sympathetic chain ganglion and travels down the splanchnic nerves
3) synapses at the celiac ganglia
4) signal travels along nerves surrounding the celiac artery

52
Q

cutaneous and visceral sensory (pain) neurons share the same:

A

ascending tracts to the brain

53
Q

what is referred pain?

A

pain in the visceral organs is often felt at the skin because the brain can’t tell the difference between cutaneous and visceral signals

54
Q

what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the eyes?

A

pupil constriction and accomodation reflex

55
Q

what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the lacrimal glands?

A

stimulates tears

56
Q

what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the salivary glands?

A

copious watery secretion

57
Q

what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the trachea and bronchioles?

A

constricts them and increases secretion

58
Q

what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

A

decreases heart rate and decreases contractility

59
Q

what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the ureters and bladder?

A

contracts the detrusor m., relaxes trigone and sphincter (voids bladder)

60
Q

what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the gastrointestinal system?

A

increases motility and tone

61
Q

what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the genetalia?

A

stimulates erection

62
Q

the autonomic motor system is controlled by the:

A

hypothalamus

ANAT 200 (16 decks)

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