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ANAT 200 > Lecture 23 - The Female Reproductive System Part II > Flashcards

Lecture 23 - The Female Reproductive System Part II Flashcards

1
Q

Hollow muscular tubes which nourish and transport the oocyte to the uterus

A

Uterine (fallopian) tube

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2
Q

The oocyte is captured by the _______ and is transported into the uterine tube by _______

A

Infundibulum, simple ciliated columnar epithelium

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3
Q

What is the function of the simple ciliated columnar epithelium in the uterine tubes?

A

Produces mucus and moves ovum/oocyte down the uterine tubes

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4
Q

What is the effect on the infundibulum when estrogen is high?

A

Smooth muscles contract and fimbriae sweeps over the over the ovary

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5
Q

What are the two types of simple columnar epithelium in the infundibulum?

A

Ciliated cells and secretory cells

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6
Q

What part of the uterine tube provides the best environment for fertilization?

A

The mucosa of the ampulla

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7
Q

Part of the uterine tube where the mucosal folds of the lumen are the most complex

A

Ampulla

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8
Q

How is the oocyte moved down the uterine tube in the ampulla?

A

By cilia and smooth muscle contraction

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9
Q

The narrowest portion of the uterine tube with anatomy similar to the vas deferens

A

Isthmus

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10
Q

Part of the uterine tube with less complex mucosal folds and a thick muscularis layer

A

Isthmus

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11
Q

How is the oocyte moved down the uterine tube in the isthmus?

A

Muscles move the oocyte by peristalsis

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12
Q

The part of the uterine tube which penetrates the wall of the uterus

A

Intramural

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13
Q

Pocket between the uterus and the urinary bladder

A

Vesicouterine pouch

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14
Q

What are the two major parts of the cervix?

A

The internal os and the external os

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the cervical mucus?

A

Prevents passage of bacteria and acidic secretions of the vagina from entering the uterus

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16
Q

What is the consistency of cervical mucus during ovulation?

A

Very watery secretion which allows entrance of sperm

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17
Q

What are the three main layers of the body of the uterus?

A

The mesometrium, myometrium, and endometrium

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18
Q

Layer of the uterus which is part of the broad ligament

A

Mesometrium

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19
Q

Muscular layer of the uterus

A

Myometrium

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20
Q

Lumen/internal layer of the uterus which changes every month

A

Endometrium

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21
Q

True or false: the uterus has both a body and a fundus

A

True

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22
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle are in the myometrium?

A

Three

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the myometrium?

A

Provides the force needed for parturition and the release of menses

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24
Q

Makes up 90% of the mass of the uterus

A

The myometrium

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25
Q

Makes up up to 10% of the mass of the uterus

A

The endometrium (functional layer sheds itself so can be less than 10%)

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26
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium?

A

The basal layer and the functional layer

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27
Q

The uterus contains a vast amount of _____ which open into the _____ and extend into the _____

A

Uterine glands, endometrial surface (lumen), lamina propria (connective tissue)

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28
Q

Where do the uterine vessels get their blood from?

A

From internal iliac vessels and drain into the IVC (travel along the transverse ligament)

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29
Q

Blood vessels which branch off of the uterine vessels

A

Vaginal vessels

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30
Q

Where do the ovarian vessels get their blood from?

A

Directly from the abdominal aorta and drains into the IVC (vessels travel along the suspensatory ligament)

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31
Q

All of the blood vessels in the female reproductive system can _____ with one another

A

Anastomose

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32
Q

What is the benefit of having the repro blood vessels anastomose with one another?

A

There is lots of communication, and plays a key role in pregnancy

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33
Q

What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual phase (aka menses), proliferative phase, and secretory phase

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34
Q

Changes to the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle are caused by:

A

Ovarian hormones secreted during the ovarian cycle

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35
Q

What is the effect of estrogen on the endometrium?

A

Induces proliferation of the endometrium following menstruation (building the house)

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36
Q

What is the effect of progesterone on the endometrium?

A

Causes the endometrium to become secretory and prepares it for implantation (furnishing the house)

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37
Q

List the pathway of arteries through the uterus and endometrium

A

Uterine artery —> arcuate artery —> radial artery —> straight artery—> spiral artery

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38
Q

supply blood to the stratum basalis of the endometrium

A

straight arteries

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39
Q

supply blood to the stratum functionalis of the endometrium

A

spiral arteries

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40
Q

type of blood vessels which are shed and regrow (angiogenesis) during each menstrual cycle

A

spiral arteries

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41
Q

type of blood vessels which remain unchanged throughout the uterine cycles

A

straight arteries

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42
Q

at what part of the uterine cycle do spiral arteries grow?

A

the proliferative phase

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43
Q

at what part of the uterine cycle do sprial arteries enlarge and mature?

A

during the secretory phase (due to the effects of progesterone)

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44
Q

what are the three main consequences of the degeneration of the corpus luteum?

A

1) loss of progesterone
2) spasm of smooth muscles in the walls of spiral arteries
3) endometrium becomes ischemic, dies, and is shed

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45
Q

what is the effect of estrogen on the endometrium during the proliferative phase?

A

epithelial cells of the uterine glands multiply and spread across the surface of the uterus

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46
Q

during the proliferative phase, the endometrium becomes:

A

mucus rich in lipids and glycogen (preparing nutrients for implantation)

47
Q

what does the functional layer of the endometrium look like at ovulation?

A

it is several mm thick and highly vascularized

48
Q

what are the effects of combined estrogen and progesterone on the uterus during the secretory phase?

A

uterine glands enlarge and accelerate their rate of secretions, and spiral arteries elongate throughout the functional layer

49
Q

how long does the secretory phase last?

A

begins at the time of ovulation and persists as long as the corpus luteum is intact

50
Q

when is the peak of estrogen and progesterone?

A

~12 days after ovulation

51
Q

what is the cause of the degeneration of the stratum functionalis during the menstrual phase?

A

decrease in hormone levels (estrogen and progesterone)

52
Q

how is the functional layer shed during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?

A

arteries constrict which weakens the arterial walls and reduces blood flow, then the uterine glands and surrounding tissues begin to die

53
Q

how long does the menses phase last?

A

~1-7 days (highly variable)

54
Q

where does menstrual pain come from?

A

uterine inflammation and contraction (both from myometrium and ischemic blood vessels in endometrium)

55
Q

go review the “relationship between ovarian and uterine cycles” slide

A

wahooooo

56
Q

what type of cells are found in the cervix and what do they do?

A

columnar cells which produce mucus

57
Q

what is the function of the cervix during pregnancy?

A

forms plug during pregnancy and dilates during childbirth

58
Q

which hormone dilates the cervix during childbirth?

A

relaxin

59
Q

an elastic and muscular tube extremely variable in size due to elasticity

A

the vagina

60
Q

smooth muscles in the vagina form:

A

rugae

61
Q

where is the vagina found?

A

extends from the cervix to the vestibule of external genitalia

62
Q

how is the vagina innervated?

A

both somatic (close to the outside) and autonomic (close to the cervix)

63
Q

what are the functions of the vagina?

A
  • eliminates menses
  • organ of copulation
  • forms birth canal during parturition
64
Q

type of epithelia found in the vagina

A

stratified squamous epithelium

65
Q

vaginal epithelia contains _____ which feeds resident bacteria

A

glycogen

66
Q

desquamated cells in the vagina serve as:

A

substrate for lactic acid-producing bacteria

67
Q

what is the purpose of lactic acid in the vagina?

A

maintains low vaginal pH, inhibiting the growth of pathogens

68
Q

the vaginal epithelium has a thick _____ with a large number of _____

A

lamina propria, lymphocytes

69
Q

name the four fornices?

A

anterior fornix, posterior fornix, left lateral fornix, right lateral fornix

70
Q

which is the largest fornix?

A

the posterior fornix (want semen to go here)

71
Q

list the parts of the female external genetalia

A
  • mons pubis
  • clitoris
  • prepuce (hood) of the clitoris
  • labia minora
  • vaginal opening
  • vestibule
  • labia majora
72
Q

the external urethral orfice in males is analogous to the ______ in females

A

external urethral orfice

73
Q

the glans of the penis in males is analogous to the ______ in females

A

glans of the clitoris

74
Q

the prepuce of the penis in males is analogous to the ______ in females

A

prepuce of the clitoris

75
Q

the body of the penis in males is analogous to the ______ in females

A

body of the clitoris

76
Q

the raphe of the penis/perineal raphe in males is analogous to the ______ in females

A

labia minora and perineal raphe

77
Q

the scrotum in males is analogous to the ______ in females

A

labia majora

78
Q

what is the difference between the external urethral muscles in males and females?

A

in males there is a clear separation of muscles around the urethra and in females there is a mixing of urethral and vaginal muscles

79
Q

the bulbs of the vestibule are the erectile tissue equivalent to:

A

the corpus spongiosum (has a left and right bulb)

80
Q

covers the bulbs of the vestibule and greater vestibular glands

A

bulbospongiosum mm

81
Q

covers the erectile tissue of the corpus caverosa

A

ischiocavernosa

82
Q

the perineal muscles are innervated by:

A

the pudenal nerve (S2, 3, 4)

83
Q

true or false: the muscles over the erectile tissues of the genitalia increases blood flow

A

true

84
Q

homologues to the prostate gland associated with female ejaculation

A

Skene’s glands

85
Q

sympathetic innervation for the upper parts of the female reproductive system comes from:

A

T12-L2

86
Q

parasympathetic innervation for the upper parts of the female reproductive system comes from:

A

S2-S4

87
Q

what is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the female reproductive system?

A

vasoconstriction of blood vessels, contraction of smooth muscles, and ejaculation

88
Q

what is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the female reproductive system?

A

vasodilation of blood vessels and erection

89
Q

sensory pain of the ovarian plexus and uterovaginal plexus is felt in the:

A

lower back and abdomen

90
Q

sensory pain of the vaginal canal is felt in the:

A

lower back and perineum

91
Q

how is the lower part of the female reproductive system innervated?

A

somatic motor - pudenal nerve (S2-S4)

92
Q

sensory pain of the lower part of the female reproductive system is felt in the:

A

vaginal walls and perineum

93
Q

what is the effect of pregnancy on the breasts and uterus?

A

they grow, adding weight to the front of the body (increasing anterior mass)

94
Q

what is the effect of pregnancy on the abdominal muscles?

A

they stretch as the fetus grows (surface area of the abdomen increases)

95
Q

what is the effect of pregnancy on the nervous system?

A

nerves may be pressed as the fetus grows and/or shifts position

96
Q

what is the effect of pregnancy on the pelvic ligaments and joints?

A

loosen and become strained (pelvis tilts forward and adds to lumbar lordosis)

97
Q

how much does the uterus stretch during pregnancy?

A

stretches to 5x its normal size

98
Q

what is the effect of pregnancy on uterine ligaments?

A

stretches the ligaments

99
Q

what is the purpose of the uterus “dropping” towards the end of gestation?

A

gets you ready for vaginal birth

100
Q

during pregnancy, the cervix closes and forms a:

A

mucus plug

101
Q

what is the purpose of the mucus plug?

A

provides a protective barrier

102
Q

what allows the cervix to dilate during labour and delivery?

A

relaxin

103
Q

what happens to the vagina during labour and delivery?

A

elasticity increases

104
Q

what is the impact of pregnancy on the GI and urinary system?

A

increase waste production

105
Q

what is the impact of pregnancy on the cardiac and respiratory systems?

A

changes to input and output

106
Q

how do the areolas change during pregnancy?

A

areolas darken and widen (visual for infant)

107
Q

why do the breasts increase in size during pregnancy?

A

milk ducts and glandular tissue increase in size

108
Q

starts building up in the breast tissue in the second trimester and then given to the baby for three days after delivery

A

colostrum

109
Q

what type of glands are the mammary glands?

A

apocrine glands

110
Q

what is the function of the mammary glands?

A

secrete milk for nourishment of newborn

111
Q

the mammary glands are regulated by:

A

sexual and pituitary hormones

112
Q

milk production is stimulated by:

A

prolactin (primarily), estrogen, and progesterone

113
Q

milk ejection is stimulated by:

A

oxytocin

114
Q

what is the effect of oxytocin on lactating mammary glands?

A

causes contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of lactiferous ducts and sinuses

ANAT 200 (24 decks)

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