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ANAT 200 > Lecture 19 - The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 19 - The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • exchange of gas between the atmosphere and the blood
  • filtration
  • temperature regulation
  • humidification of air
  • olfaction (sense of smell)
  • production of sound
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2
Q

what is the arbitrary boundary between the upper and lower parts of the respiratory system?

A

the vocal cords

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3
Q

what are the two portions of the respiratory system?

A

conducting and respiratory

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4
Q

contains all the vessels that carry air to the sites of gas exchange

A

the conducting portion of the respiratory system

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5
Q

contains the sites of gas exchange with the blood

A

the respiratory portion of the respiratory system

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6
Q

list the nine main portions of the upper respiratory system

A
  • external nares (nostrils)
  • nasal vestibule
  • conchae
  • internal nares
  • nasopharynx
  • eustachian tube
  • oropharynx
  • epiglottis
  • laryngopharynx
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7
Q

the site of air humidification, filtration, and warming

A

conchae

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8
Q

two holes at the back of the conchae which serve as the connection between the nasal cavity and pharynx

A

internal nares

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9
Q

an opening in the nasopharynx which equalizes pressure in the middle ear

A

eustachian tube

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10
Q

what are the three main functions of the upper respiratory system?

A
  • allows movement of air in and out of the body
  • warms and humidifies air
  • trap particulates and pathogens
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11
Q

closure of the epiglottis is complex, but upward movement of _____ and posterior movement of _____ are important

A

the larynx, the tongue

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12
Q

true or false: the vocal cords close while swallowing

A

true

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13
Q

the midline tube with stiff cartilage rings that prevents collapse

A

the trachea

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14
Q

the site where blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and bronchi enter and leave the lungs

A

the hilum

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15
Q

the structures that meet at the hilum in the lungs form:

A

the root of the lungs

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16
Q

why do all of the vessels in the lung enter and exit through the same spot?

A

leaves the lungs free for movement

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17
Q

how many lobes are present in the right lung and what are their names?

A

three lobes (superior, middle, and inferior)

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18
Q

how many lobes are present in the left lung and what are their names?

A

two lobes (superior and inferior)

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19
Q

where is the apex of the lungs located?

A

at the top point

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20
Q

true or false: the base of the lungs are flat

A

false: they are concave and mould to the shape of the diaphragm

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21
Q

how many fissures does the right lung have, what are their names, and where are they located?

A

two fissures, the oblique fissure which separates the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobe, and the middle fissure which separates the superior and middle lobes

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22
Q

how many fissures are present in the left lung, what are their names, and where are they located?

A

one fissure, the oblique fissure which separates the superior and inferior lobes

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23
Q

which lung contains the lingula and where is it?

A

the left lung, located underneath the cardiac notch

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24
Q

which lung contains the cardiac notch?

A

the left lung

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25
Q

true or false: you could remove a lobe from the lung and the rest would still remain functional

A

true

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26
Q

the serous membrane that covers the lungs

A

the visceral pleura

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27
Q

the serous membrane that covers the inside of the body wall in the thoracic cavity

A

the parietal pleura

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28
Q

a small amount of _____ is present between the pleural layers of the lungs

A

serous fluid

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29
Q

the pleural cavities extend ______ below the inferior border of the lung, giving rise to ______; these allow space for the lungs to ______

A

~2 rib levels, recesses, expand

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30
Q

do the lungs fully fill the pleural cavity recesses when they expand?

A

no, this is only a potential space

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31
Q

like the lungs, the pleaural cavities/recesses sits on top of the:

A

diaphragm

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32
Q

list the major airways in the lungs

A
  • trachea
  • primary bronchi
  • secondary and tertiary bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
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33
Q

how many secondary bronchi are in the right lung?

A

3 (corresponds with the number of lobes)

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34
Q

how many secondary bronchi are in the left lung?

A

2 (corresponds with the number of lobes)

35
Q

the trachea is surrounded by specialized C-shaped:

A

cartilage rings

36
Q

why are the cartilage rings on the trachea C-shaped and not full rings?

A

because we don’t want the stiff cartilage to protrude into the esophagus, which is supposed to move around a lot

37
Q

instead of having cartilage at the back of the trachea, there is a layer of:

A

smooth muscle

38
Q

at what point do the airways have no cartilage?

A

the bronchioles

39
Q

why is it that bronchioles have smooth muscle instead of cartilage?

A

easier to expand and contract the airways (better regulated)

40
Q

do the smaller bronchi have cartilage rings?

A

no, they have fragmented bits of catrilage

41
Q

do the respiratory bronchioles have alveoli?

A

yes, they have sparse alveoli

42
Q

the alveolar ducts act as the _____ for a cluster of _____

A

stems, grapes

43
Q

true or false: alveoli are open to the central space in the alveolar sac (look like a half sphere)

A

true

44
Q

why is alveolar tissue so thin?

A

to maximize the interface between air and blood you need to minimize all the extra stuff

45
Q

alveoli are capable of _____ and _____, which is important for breathing

A

stretching, recoiling

46
Q

what is the purpose of the conducting airways?

A

warms, moistens, and conducts air

47
Q

what is the purpose of the respiratory airways?

A

both conducts air and respires

48
Q

found in large airways and helps to keep them open

A

cartilage

49
Q

tissue that predominates in smaller airways, controlling the diameter of the airways

A

smooth muscle

50
Q

predominates in smaller airways and the respiratory portion of the lungs, elastic recoil provides for expiration

A

elastic fibres

51
Q

smooth muscle constriction in the bronchioles is caused by:

A

parasympathetic nerve stimulation

52
Q

what is the effect of histamine during an asthmatic attack?

A

histamine (mediator of allergic reactions) release causes spasms and contractions of the already inflamed airways

53
Q

breakdown of alveolar walls which produces abnormally large air spaces

A

emphysema

54
Q

what are the effects of emphysema on the lung?

A

lowered surface area for gas exchange and reduced elastic fibres

55
Q

what are the causes of emphysema?

A

smoking and other irritants such as pollutants and dust

56
Q

type of epithelium that is found in the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and large airways

A

pseudostratified epithelium

57
Q

what is the function of the cilia in the respiratory system?

A

moves fluid and debris along to be swallowed or spit out

58
Q

type of epithelium found in the oropharynx

A

stratified squamous epithelium

59
Q

type of epithelia found in the smaller respiratory tubes

A

simple columnar, simple cuboidal, and simple squamous

60
Q

what are type I alveolar cells?

A

very thin cells (simple squamous epithelium) that form the walls of the alveoli

61
Q

how many plasma membranes does an oxygen molecule cross to pass from air space to bind a hemoglobin molecule in a red blood cell?

A

five

62
Q

what are type II alveolar cells?

A

cells which secrete surfactant and can act as stem cells to regenerate type I and type II alveolar cells

63
Q

lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid and prevents alveolar walls from sticking together and collapsing

A

surfactant

64
Q

cells which ingest debris in the alveoli

A

alveolar macrophages

65
Q

what is the path that alveolar macrophages follow through the lungs?

A
  • enter airways
  • become trapped in mucus sheets
  • carried toward pharynx by ciliary action
  • expectorated or swallowed
66
Q

where in the lungs are the pulmonary arteries found?

A

they travel with the airways and branch with the airways

67
Q

where in the lungs are the pulmonary veins found?

A

travel in the interlobular connective tissue

68
Q

where in the lungs are the lymphatic vessels found?

A

travel in the interlobular connective tissue (like pulmonary veins)

69
Q

in the lungs, capillaries are often sandwhiched between:

A

two alveoli (maximizes efficiency)

70
Q

which muscle are involved in quiet breathing (eupnea)?

A

external intercostals and the diaphragm

71
Q

contraction of external intercostals and diaphragm increases the volume of:

A

the pleural cavity

72
Q

what drives lung expansion?

A

negative pressure (from increased volume of the pleural cavity)

73
Q

relaxation of the external intercostals and diaphragm decreases the volume of:

A

the pleural cavtiy

74
Q

when the volume of the pleural cavity decreases, this causes:

A

exhalation

75
Q

_____ of the alveoli is also important during exhalation

A

elastic recoil

76
Q

what are the muscles of forced inhalation?

A
  • scalenes
  • pectoralis minor
  • sternoclaidomastoid
77
Q

how do the accessory muscles help with forced inhalation?

A

they elevate the rib cage to make the pleural membrane as big as possible

78
Q

what are the muscles of forced exhalation?

A
  • internal intercostal muscles
  • abdominal wall muscles
79
Q

how do the muscles of forced exhalation work?

A

they depress the rib cage

80
Q

contraction of the diaphragm increases the ______ of the thoracic cavity

A

vertical diameter

81
Q

the external intercostals lift the ribs ______ and move the sternum ______

A

superiorly, anteriorly

82
Q

what is the function of the sternocleidomastoid during forced inspiration?

A

elevates the sternum

83
Q

what is the function of the scalenes during forced inspiration?

A

elevates ribs 1 and 2

84
Q

what is the function of the pectoralis minor during forced inspiration?

A

elevates ribs 3-5

ANAT 200 (24 decks)

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