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ANAT 200 > Lecture 17 - Gastrointestinal System Part II > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Gastrointestinal System Part II Flashcards

1
Q

a common passageway for food, liquid, and air, and has stratified squamous epithelium

A

the pharynx

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2
Q

where does the pharynx end?

A

the proximal esophagus and trachea

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3
Q

how is the pharynx innervated?

A

CN X

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4
Q

what is the purpose of the palatal muscles in the pharynx?

A

elevates the soft palate during swallowing

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5
Q

what is the purpose of the pharyngeal constrictors and suprahyoid muscles in the pharynx?

A

elevates the larynx and pushes the bolus towards the esophagus

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6
Q

what is the bolus?

A

chewed food mixed with saliva

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7
Q

propels the bolus along the length of the tube and occurs by coordination of circular and longitudinal muscles

A

peristalsis

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8
Q

mechanical digestion where contents are churned and mixed by mainly circular muscles

A

segmentations

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9
Q

type of muscle contraction along the gut tube where there is no movement in any particular direction

A

segmentation

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10
Q

a hollow tube that is made of stratified squamous epithelium and leads to the stomach

A

esophagus

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11
Q

how long is the esophagus?

A

~25cm long (C6-T7)

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12
Q

what type of muscles are found in the esophagus?

A

skeletal and smooth muscles (flat when empty)

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13
Q

what is the purpose of the extra glands in the submucosal layer of the esophagus?

A

to secrete mucus (allows for easy passage of the bolus)

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14
Q

how is the esophagus innervated?

A

by CN X

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15
Q

how does the esophagus prevent acid reflux and acid erosion?

A
  • lower esophageal sphincter
  • peristaltic clearance
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • submucosal glands
  • mucus glands from the stomach
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16
Q

muscular sac that stores food temporarily and is the only place along the tube with chemical digestion

A

the stomach

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17
Q

is the stomach intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

intraperitoneal

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18
Q

where does the stomach get its vasculature from?

A

the celiac trunk

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19
Q

what is the function of the stomach?

A

mechanically breaks down bolus of food, chemically and enzymatically digests food, and mixes the bolus and gastric juices to form chyme

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20
Q

how does the stomach mechanically break down the food bolus?

A

through contractions of muscular wall

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21
Q

how does the stomach chemically and enzymatically digest food?

A

through actions of secreted acid and enzymes

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22
Q

what are the seven major components of the stomach?

A
  • fundus
  • cardia
  • body
  • greater curvature
  • lesser curvature
  • pyloric canal
  • pyloric sphincter
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23
Q

the stomach is lined with what type of tissue?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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24
Q

what are the three layers of smooth muscle in the stomach?

A
  • inner oblique
  • middle circular
  • outer longitudinal
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25
Q

the inner oblique muscles of the stomach form ____ which are capable of ____

A

rugae, stretching

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26
Q

what are the five types of secretory cells found in the stomach?

A
  • surface mucus cells
  • mucus neck cells
  • parietal cells
  • chief cells
  • enteroendocrine cells
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27
Q

stomach cells which produce secretions that activate H+, Cl-, and enzymes (cells are a little more watery than surface mucus cells)

A

mucus neck cells

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28
Q

stomach cells which make acid in the form of H+ and Cl- ions

A

parietal cells

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29
Q

stomach cells that make enzymes like pepsin and lipase

A

chief cells

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30
Q

stomach acids and enzymes don’t become active until:

A

they pass through the mucus neck cells

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31
Q

cells found in the fundus of the stomach which secrete gastrin

A

enteroendocrine cells

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32
Q

what is the function of gastrin?

A

stimulates parietal cells, chief cells, mucus neck cells, and mucus surface cells

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33
Q

the small and large intestines are lined by:

A

simple columnar epithelium

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34
Q

what are the three main parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejenum, and ileum

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35
Q

how long is the small intestine?

A

6-7m long

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36
Q

the longest part of the digestive tube

A

the small intestine

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37
Q

what is the function of the small intestine?

A

specialized for absorption

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38
Q

is the small intestine intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

A

mostly intraperitoneal (exception: most of the duodenum)

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39
Q

25cm C-shaped segment of the tube located in the RUQ which is both intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal

A

duodenum

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40
Q

where does the duodenum receive secretions from?

A

the pancreas and the liver (via the gallbladder)

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41
Q

what is the function of the duodenum?

A

digestion of fat, proteins, and sugars

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42
Q

where does the duodenum receive its vasculature from?

A

anastamosis of the celiac trunk and SMA

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43
Q

provides abundant alkaline mucus to neutralize the acid contents entering the duodenum from the stomach (in addition to pancreatic buffers)

A

Brunner’s glands

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44
Q

where are Brunner’s glands found?

A

the submucosal layer of the duodenum

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45
Q

why is it that only structures before and after the stomach have submucosal glands?

A

because of the high acidity of the stomach

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46
Q

bile is secreted by the _____ and is stored in the _____ before being secreted into the duodenum

A

liver, gallbladder

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47
Q

what is the function of bile?

A

aids in digestions of lipids

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48
Q

secretes enzymes that aid in digestion of fats, proteins, and carbs, and secretes a bicarbonate buffer

A

the pancreas

49
Q

chyme in the duodenum stimulates the mucosa to produce hormones by enteroendocrine cells in order to release:

A

pancreatic juice and bile

50
Q

located posterior to the stomach, and between the duodenum and spleen

A

pancreas

51
Q

is the pancreas intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal (in the upper quadrants)

52
Q

where does the pancreas get its vasculature from?

A

anastomosis of the celiac and SMA branches

53
Q

what type of gland is the pancreas?

A

an endocrine and exocrine gland

54
Q

what are the functions of the pancreas in the digestive system?

A

secretes digestive enzymes (digests food in the small intestines), and secretes bicarbonate buffer (neutralizes acidic chyme and establishes alkaline pH for pancreatic digestive enzymes)

55
Q

the main pancreatic duct drains into the:

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

56
Q

the head of the pancreas is associated with:

A

the curvature of the duodenum

57
Q

the tail of the pancreas touches the:

A

spleen

58
Q

what is the path of venous drainage of the pancreas?

A

blood passes through the splenic vein to the hepatic portal vein

59
Q

which pancreatic cells produce exocrine secretions?

A

pancreatic acini

60
Q

what molecules are secreted by the pancreatic acini?

A

water, ions, digestive enzymes, and buffers (sodium bicarbonate)

61
Q

what is the function of pancreatic exocrine secretions?

A

neutralize acidic chyme and break down ingested material

62
Q

pancreatic cells which secrete digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, and proteinase)

A

acinar cells

63
Q

pancreatic cells which secrete bicarbonate buffer and regulate pre-enzyme release from acinar cells

A

centroacinar cells

64
Q

digestive enzymes secreted by acinar cells are not activated until exposed to _____

A

centroacinar cells and chyme

65
Q

the largest gland in the body

A

the liver

66
Q

is the liver intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

intraperitoneal

67
Q

where does the liver get its vasculature from?

A

the celiac trunk (hepatic artery) and hepatic portal vein

68
Q

what are the three major functions of the liver?

A
  • metabolic regulation
  • hematological regulation
  • synthesis and secretion of bile
69
Q

how is the liver involved in metabolic regulation?

A

regulates circulating levels of all that is absorbed by the intestines, inactivates toxic compounds and metabolic wastes, and is involved in metabolism of carbs, proteins, and fat

70
Q

how is the liver involved in hematological regulation?

A

destroys aged/damaged red bloods cells, cellular debris, and pathogens; and secretes plasma proteins into the blood

71
Q

which vessels make up the portal triad?

A
  • bile duct (flow out)
  • hepatic artery proper (flow in)
  • hepatic portal vein (flow in)
72
Q

where is the portal triad located?

A

in the lesser omentum

73
Q

oxygenated and deoxygenated nutrient-rich blood mix in the _____

A

liver

74
Q

blood with appropriate levels of metabolites is carried from the liver to the ______ by the ______

A

inferior vena cava, left and right hepatic veins

75
Q

large lipids delivered directly to the general circulation via the ______

A

lymphatic system

76
Q

liver lobules are made up of ____

A

hepatocytes

77
Q

cells which break down old/damaged red blood cells (act as macrophages)

A

Kupffer cells

78
Q

what is the endocrine function of sinusoids in the liver?

A

take substances up from the blood and secretes substances into the blood

79
Q

exocrine surfaces in the liver form small channels called _____, these exocrine cells secrete ______ into the ______

A

canaliculi, bile, canaliculi

80
Q

bile from the liver is concentrated and stored in the _____

A

gallbladder

81
Q

when the hepatopancreatic sphincter is closed, bile flows into the gallbladder via the:

A

cystic duct

82
Q

when the hepatopancreatic sphincter is open, bile flows into the duodenum via the:

A

bile duct

83
Q

the presence of chyme in the duodenum induces release of the hormone ______, which induces relaxation of the ______ and contraction of the ______

A

cholecystokinin (CCK), the hepatopancreatic sphincter, gallbladder

84
Q

is it possible to have an accessory pancreatic duct in addition to the main pancreatic duct?

A

yes

85
Q
  • the second segment of the small intestine
  • located in the upper abdominal quadrants
  • intraperitoneal
  • SMA and vein (midgut)
    these are all characteristics of the:
A

jejenum

86
Q

the majority of nutrient absorption in the digestive tube occurs in the:

A

jejenum

87
Q

the jejenum begins at the:

A

duodenojejunal flexure

88
Q

why is the jejenum redder than the ileum?

A

has more blood

89
Q

contains large plicae circulares (folds) which are more numerous than in the ileum

A

jejenum

90
Q
  • final segment of the small intestine
  • located in the lower quadrants of the abdomen
  • intraperitoneal
  • SMA and vein (midgut)
    these are all characteristics of the:
A

ileum

91
Q

what is the function of the ileum?

A

absorption of remaining nutrients

92
Q

the ileum contains lymph nodules known as _____ which protects the small intestine from _____

A

Peyer’s patches, colonic bacteria

93
Q

with all of the folds and villi in the small intestine, the surface area increases by:

A

600x

94
Q

what is the average length and diameter of the small intestine?

A

~5-6m long, and ~2.5-4cm wide

95
Q

what are the 4 types of villar epithelial cells found in the small intestine?

A
  • absorptive cells
  • goblet cells
  • enteroendocrine cells
  • paneth cells
96
Q

cells in the small intestine which produce mucus to lubricate the tube

A

goblet cells

97
Q

cells in the small intestine which act as regulators by releasing many hormones

A

enteroendocrine cells

98
Q

cells in the small intestine which provide immunity by killing some bacteria and determining gut flora (the microbiome)

A

paneth cells

99
Q

monosaccharides and amino acids are absorbed by the villi and are brought into the:

A

hepatic portal circulation

100
Q

fats are too big to travel through the hepatic portal circulation, and are deposited into the ______ which drains into the _____ before going to the ______

A

thoracic duct, heart, liver

101
Q

horseshoe-shaped tube which is ~1.5m long and 7.5cm wide, located in all quadrants

A

the large intestine

102
Q

is the large intestine intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

both!
intraperitoneal = cecum, transverse, and sigmoid
retroperitoneal = ascending, descending, and rectum

103
Q

where does the large intestine receive its vasculature from?

A

the SMA and IMA (and their associated veins)

104
Q

what are the three major functions of the large intestine?

A
  • reabsorbs water and electrolytes
  • absorbs important vitamins produced by colonic bacteria
  • compacts and stores feces
105
Q

true or false: the lage intestine has its own enteroendocrine cells

A

true

106
Q

segments of the large intestine which can enlarge and contract, helps to package and move feces

A

haustrum (haustra)

107
Q

3 strips of longitudinal smooth muscle which contract to push things along the large intestine

A

teniae coli

108
Q

the ascending colon becomes the transverse colon at the:

A

right colic (hepatic) flexure

109
Q

the transverse colon becomes the descending colon at the:

A

left colic (splenic) flexure

110
Q

what types of epithelium are found in the large intestine?

A

absorptive cells and goblet cells

111
Q

cells in the large intestine which absorbe water via osmosis

A

absorptive cells

112
Q

cells in the large intestine produce lots of mucus to move waste towards the rectum

A

goblet cells

113
Q
  • made of simple columnar epithelium
  • ~15cm long
  • temporary storage for feces
  • triggers the urge to defacate (stimulates internal anal sphincter)
    these are all characteristics of the:
A

rectum

114
Q

does the rectum contain absorptive cells?

A

no, just goblet cells

115
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the anal canal?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

116
Q

muscles that thicken and become the external anal sphincter

A

levator ani

117
Q

the line between autonomic and somatic innervation in the anal canal

A

pectinate line

118
Q

the anal column, sinus, and valve form the:

A

beginning of the anal canal

ANAT 200 (24 decks)

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