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ANAT 200 > Lecture 21 - The Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Lecture 21 - The Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

when does the reproductive system become functional?

A

at puberty

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2
Q

true or false: reproductive hormones can affect the structure and function of other systems

A

true

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3
Q

what are the three main functions of the male reproductive system?

A
  • produce male gametes (spermatozoa), sex hormones (testosterone), and seminal fluid
  • temporary storage for spermatozoa (epididymis)
  • delivery of spermatozoa to the female reproductive tract (ducts)
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4
Q

site of production of gametes and sex hormones in males

A

gonads (testes)

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5
Q

site of sperm storage, maturation, and transportation

A

epididymis

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6
Q

site of sperm transportation

A

vas (ductus) deferens

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7
Q

what are the two main parts of the male reproductive tract?

A

epididymis and vas deferens

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8
Q

accessory gland which supports the maintenance and maturation of sperm

A

pituitary gland

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9
Q

accessory glands responsible for the production of seminal fluid

A

seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

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10
Q

male organ of copulation which is a common pathway for urine and semen via the urethra

A

penis

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11
Q

separates the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity

A

parietal peritoneum

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12
Q

are the pelvic organs intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal

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13
Q

the pelvic cavity is also known as the:

A

lesser (true) bony pelvis

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14
Q

the pelvic inlet spans across the:

A

pelvic brims

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15
Q

the pelvic outlet spans across the:

A

sacrum, pubic symphysis, and ischial spines

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16
Q

the perineal muscles are all innervated by the:

A

pudendal nerve (S2-4)

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17
Q

what are the two main types of perineal muscles?

A

anal and urogenital

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18
Q

what are the urogenital muscles?

A

muscles that lie over the erectile tissues of genetalia and increases blood flow and help with ejaculation

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19
Q

what are the main anal perineal muscles?

A

levator ani and external anal sphincter

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20
Q

what are the two main parts of the erectile tissue of the penis?

A

the corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum

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21
Q

the crus of the penis is:

A

part of the corpora cavernosa which is attached to the body wall

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22
Q

the ischiocavernosus muscle lies on top of the:

A

crus of the penis

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23
Q

the bulb of the penis is:

A

part of the corpus spongiosum which is attached to the scrotum

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24
Q

the bulbospongiosus muscle lies on top of the:

A

bulb of the penis

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25
Q

what are the three parts of the spermatic cord?

A
  • vas deferens
  • pampiniform complex (veins)
  • testicular artery
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26
Q

what muscle is associated with the spermatic cord?

A

the cremaster muscle

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27
Q

separates the two testes

A

scrotal septum

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28
Q

sits on top of the testis

A

epididymis

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29
Q

what are the main parts of the scrotum?

A
  • scrotal skin
  • scrotal cavity
  • testis
  • epididymis
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30
Q

semen consists of:

A

spermatozoa/sperm and seminal fluid (secretions of accessory glands)

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31
Q

site of spermatozoa production

A

seminiferous tubules (testes)

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32
Q

site of sperm maturation and motility

A

epididymis

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33
Q

site of sperm transport from the scrotum to the ejaculatory ducts

A

vas deferens

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34
Q

the primary sex organ in males which produces gametes (sperm) and sex hormones (testosterone)

A

testis

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35
Q

list the six main parts of the testis:

A
  • tunica vaginalis (parietal and visceral)
  • scrotal cavity
  • tunica albugenia
  • seminiferous tubules
  • rete testis
  • efferent ductules
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36
Q

what are the three parts of the epididymis?

A
  • head
  • body
  • tail
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37
Q

highly vascularized fibrous tissue which bulges posteriorly to for the mediastinum of each testis (also where blood, lymph, and nerves enter - similar to a hilum)

A

tunica albugenia

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38
Q

how many lobules are in each testis?

A

~250 (separated by septa)

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39
Q

how many seminiferous tubules are in each lobule?

A

1-4

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40
Q

each seminiferous tubule is ____ long with a diameter of ____

A

30-80cm, ~150-250um

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41
Q

the seminiferous tubules are embedded in connective tissue with:

A

blood, lymph, nerves, and interstitial cells

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42
Q

differentiation of spermatagonia into primary spermatocytes

A

spermatocytogenesis

43
Q

reduce diploid chromosomal complements to form haploid spermatids (1 germ cell = 4 spermatids)

A

meiosis

44
Q

transformation of the four spermatids into spermatozoa (change in shape)

A

spermiogenesis

45
Q

germ cells adjacent to the basal lamina (undergo mitosis and meiosis from puberty onwards)

A

spermatogonia

46
Q

what are the five main functions of sertoli cells?

A
  • support, protect, and nourish spermatogenic cells
  • phagocytosis of excess cytoplasm
  • helps maintain necessary testosterone levels
  • establish blood-testis barrier
  • secrete fructose-rich fluid
47
Q

spermatogenesis is stimulated by:

A

testosterone

48
Q

how do the sertoli cells establish the blood-testis barrier?

A

through tight junctions between cells

49
Q

what is the function of the blood-testis barrier?

A

prevents the attack of sperm from the body’s immune system (sperm proteins might be seen as foreign)

50
Q

at birth, the testes contain only ______ and _______

A

spermatogonia, germ cells

51
Q

the final stage of spermatogenesis

A

spermiogenesis

52
Q

what is spermiogenesis?

A

the transformation of a round spermatid into assymetric spermatozoon

53
Q

what are the four main processes that occur during spermiogenesis?

A

1) condensation of the nucleus
2) formation of the acrosome
3) development of the flagellum
4) shedding of cytolplasm (ingested by Sertoli cells)

54
Q

what is the acrosome?

A

part of the head of the sperm that contains enzymes that bore a hole in the zona pellucida

55
Q

what is the purpose of the acrosome?

A

allows the sperm to reach the plasma membrane of the egg

56
Q

what is the purpose of the mitochondria in the midpiece of the sperm?

A

produces ATP that gerenates the beating of the flagellum

57
Q

interstitial cells are surrounded by:

A

capillaries and lymphatic vessels (within CT)

58
Q

what are the two types of interstitial cells?

A

myoid cells and Leydig cells

59
Q

contraction of these cells produces rhythmic movements that help propel the contents of the sesminiferous tubules toward the rete testis

A

myoid cells

60
Q

round to polygonal shaped cells in the interstitial regions with a large central nucleus; they produce and secrete testosterone at puberty

A

Leydig cells

61
Q
  • regulates spermatogenesis
  • stimulates development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
  • stimulate growth and metabolism throughout the body
  • influence brain development
    these are all functions of:
A

testosterone

62
Q

at puberty, the hypothalamus begins to release ______ which regulates the production and release of ______ and ______ from the anterior pituitary gland

A

GnRH, FSH, LH

63
Q

stimulates sertoli cells to support spermatogenesis

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

64
Q

stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

65
Q

sertoli cells can release ______ to depress the anterior pituitary from producing FSH and LH

A

inhibin

66
Q

long coiled duct outside the testis surrounded by loose CT, ~4-5m in length

A

epididymis

67
Q

where do sperm gain motility?

A

the epididymis

68
Q

where does sperm capacitation occur?

A

in the female reproductive tract

69
Q

the simple epithelium in the epididymis is composed of these two types of cells:

A

tall ciliated cells and short absorpive cells

70
Q

what is the purpose of the tall ciliated cells in the epididymis?

A

moves sperm along

71
Q

what is the purpose of the short absorptive cells in the epididymis?

A

absorbs everything released by maturing sperm

72
Q

sperm must pass through the epididymis before becoming:

A

motile

73
Q

the epididymis is made of:

A

simple ciliated epithelium surrounded by layers of smooth muscle

74
Q

what is the ductus (vas) deferens?

A

a long and thick muscular tube (3 layers of smooth muscle) which moves sperm from the epididymis to the seminal vesicles via peristaltic contraction

75
Q

the vas deferens enlarges as an ampulla to join the:

A

seminal vesicle

76
Q

what percent of seminal fluid comes from the seminal vesicles?

A

~70%

77
Q

what percent of the seminal fluid comes from the prostate gland?

A

~30%

78
Q

what is the purpose of the bulbourethral gland?

A

neutralizes and lubricates the urethra

79
Q

highly tortuous (twisty) tubes ~15cm long surrounded by fibroelastic CT and smooth muscles

A

seminal vesicles

80
Q

which layer of the seminal vesicles is highly amplified?

A

the mucosa (has a great number of thin complex folds that fill the lumen)

81
Q

the epithelial cells in the seminal vesicles are rich in:

A

secretory glands

82
Q

secretions from the seminal vesicles contain:

A

coagulating factors and a high content of fructose

83
Q

what is the purpose of coagulating factors in the semen?

A

involved in the clotting of semen

84
Q

what is the purpose of a high fructose content in the semen?

A

acts as an energy source for sperm to enable movement

85
Q

the seminal vesicles join the ampulla of the ______ to form ejaculatory ducts in the ______

A

vas deferens, prostate gland

86
Q

what is the prostate gland?

A

a dense walnut-sized gland below the urinary bladder that surrounds the initial portion of the urethra (prostatic urethra)

87
Q

the smooth muscles in the ______ contract at ejaculation

A

prostate gland

88
Q

contains hydrolytic enzymes which liquify the ejaculated clotted semen and release the spermatozoa from their coagulating factors

A

the prostate gland

89
Q

the prostate gland empties into the:

A

urethra

90
Q

what are the bulbourethral glands?

A

glands 3-5mm in diameter in the urogenital diaphragm/external urethral sphincter which coats and lubricates the urethra before the passage of sperm

91
Q

what type of epithelia lines the bulbourethral glands?

A

cuboidal epithelium

92
Q

describe the secretions of the bulbourethral glands

A

secretion is a thick, sticky, alkaline mucus which neutralizes and lubricates the penile urethra

93
Q

fibrous connective tissue with dense collagen bundles permitting extension of the erectile tissue

A

tunica albugenia

94
Q

the erectile tissue of the penis is made of:

A

large interconnecting vascular spaces lined with endothelial cells, separated by trabeculae (CT and smooth muscles)

95
Q

vascular spaces decrease in size towards the periphery in the _____ and stays the same size in the ______

A

corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum

96
Q

what part of the erectile tissue of the penis has more elastic tissue and less smooth muscle?

A

corpus spongiosum

97
Q

within the erectile tissue, central arteries supply blood to the:

A

coropora cavernosa

98
Q

within the erectile tissue, the _____ receives arterial blood from surrounding connective tissue

A

corpus spongiosum

99
Q

parasympathetic stimulation of the erectile tissues causes _____ of the central arteries

A

vasodilation

100
Q

how is venous outflow blocked during an erection?

A

peripheral veins are compressed against the tunica albugenia when the vascular spaces become engorged with blood

101
Q

what is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the male reproductive system?

A

causes ejaculation and constriction of arteries

102
Q

the spongy urethra transitions between what types of tissues?

A

urinary (transitional) epithelium –> stratified squamous epithelium (and even keratinized in the glans of the penis)

103
Q

helps the bulbourethral glands with lubrication of the penile urethra

A

the urethral glands

ANAT 200 (24 decks)

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