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ANAT 200 > Lecture 20 - The Urinary System > Flashcards

Lecture 20 - The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main function of the urinary system?

A

the ensure optimal properties of the blood (homeostasis) by removing metabolic wastes generated by body cells

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2
Q

true or false: the purpose of the urinary system is to produce urine

A

false, the purpose is to ensure that you have good blood, urine is a byproduct

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3
Q

what are the six other functions of the urinary system?

A

1) regulates blood ionic composition
2) regulates blood pH
3) regulates blood volume and pressure
4) produces hormones
5) helps liver detoxify poisons and regulate glucose levels
6) conserve valuable nutrients and eliminates waste

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4
Q

are the kidneys intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal, posterior to the abdominal wall

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5
Q

where are the kidneys located in reference to the ribs?

A

the left kidney runs from T12-L2, the right kidney runs from L1-L3

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6
Q

why is the left kidney higher than the right kidney?

A

the liver pushes the right kidney down during development

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7
Q

what is located on the superior-medial surface of each kidney?

A

the adrenal glands

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8
Q

list the layers of connective tissues that surround the kidneys

A
  • perirenal fat
  • renal fascia
  • pararenal fat
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9
Q

connective tissue that surrounds the perirenal fat

A

renal fascia

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10
Q

a layer of fat that is beside the kidneys and behind the parietal peritoneum

A

pararenal fat

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11
Q

tubes that drain into the renal pelvis

A

minor calyx and major calyx

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12
Q

a very tight connective tissue that wraps around the kidneys

A

the fibrous capsule

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13
Q

like the lungs, the kidneys also has a _____ for vessels to enter and exit

A

hilum

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14
Q

contains one renal pyramid, and half a renal column on either side, and reaches up to the capsule

A

renal lobe

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15
Q

the apex of the renal pyramid

A

renal papilla

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16
Q

the renal pyramid is made of:

A

medulla

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17
Q

what is the path that urine follows through the kidneys?

A

renal pyramid –> renal papilla –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis

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18
Q

how many minor calyces form a major calyx?

A

2-3

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19
Q

what is the path of blood flow through the kidneys?

A

renal artery –> segmental artery –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arteries –> afferent arterioles –> nephrons –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries/vasa recta —> interlobular veins –> arcuate veins –> interlobar veins –> segmental veins –> renal vein

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20
Q

peritubular capillaries are located in the

A

cortex of the kidneys

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21
Q

the vasa recta are located in the

A

medulla of the kidneys

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22
Q

the basic functional unit of the kidney

A

the nephron

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23
Q

how many nephrons are in each kidney

A

~1 million

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24
Q

what are the two basic components of the nephron

A

the corpuscle and long simple epithelial renal tubule

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25
Q

blood is filtered in the:

A

renal corpuscle

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26
Q

which components of blood are retained after filtration?

A

blood cells and large proteins

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27
Q

which components of blood are filtered into the nephron?

A

low molecular weight proteins, ions, metabolites, dissolved wastes, etc.

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28
Q

which substances are reabsorbed into the bloodstream in the renal tubule?

A

water, ions, and useful substances

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29
Q

initial dilated part of the nephron with capillary loops, located in the cortex, and produces filtrate

A

renal corpuscle

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30
Q

which blood vessel marks the separation between the cortex and medulla?

A

arcuate artery

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31
Q

the long, convoluted part of the nephron with the short, straight part going into the medulla but is mostly located into the cortex, and is the site of reabsorption

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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32
Q

located in the medulla and responsible for the recovery of water and sodium from the urine

A

thick and thin descending limbs, thin and thick ascending limbs

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33
Q

long convoluted part of the nephron which is closely associated with the renal corpuscle, and is located in the cortex

A

distal convoluted tubule

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34
Q

short and links nephron to the collecting ducts (has a hormonal effect in the medulla)

A

connecting tubule

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35
Q

collects urine and leaves the kidneys

A

collecting ducts

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36
Q

what are the two types of nephrons? which is more abundant?

A

cortical nephrons (85% - most abundant) and juxtamedullary nephrons (15%)

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37
Q

type of nephron responsible for most reabsorption and secretions

A

cortical nephron

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38
Q

type of nephron with the necessary conditions to concentrate the urine

A

juxtamedullary nephron

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39
Q

efferent arterioles form peritubular capillary beds around tubules in the:

A

cortex

40
Q

what is the function of the peritubular capillaries?

A

reabsorption of water, organic molecules, and salt by osmosis

41
Q

what is the function of the vasa recta?

A

retrieve water in the descending limb by maintaining the salt concentration of the medulla

42
Q

list the major parts of the renal corpuscle

A
  • glomerulus
  • Bowman’s capsule
  • Bowman’s space
  • mesangial cells
  • podocytes
  • arterioles (efferent and afferent)
43
Q

Bowman’s capsule is made of what type of epithelial tissue?

A

simple squamous epithelium

44
Q

the proximal convoluted tubule is made of what type of epithelial tissue?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

45
Q

which is thicker and contains more smooth muscle at the renal corpuscle, the afferent arterioles or efferent arterioles?

A

the afferent arterioles (regulates blood pressure)

46
Q
  • physical support of capillaries
  • adjusted contractions in response to blood pressure changes
  • phagocytosis
  • secretions important for immune defense and repair in the glomerulus
    these are all chracteristics of:
A

mesangial cells

47
Q

what is a brush border?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli

48
Q

what are the functions of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

reabsorption of organic nutrients, proteins, ions, water, and electrolytes

49
Q

what is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

produces filtrate

50
Q

adjusts salt content of the filtrate; the medulla stays “salty” and tries to retrieve as much water as possible in the vasa recta

A

nephron loop (loop of Henle)

51
Q

the thin limb of the nephron loop is made of:

A

simple squamous epithelium

52
Q

what parts of the thin limb of the nephron loop make it optimal for water reabsorption?

A

aquaporins on the basal and apical surfaces (permeable to water)

53
Q

the thick limb of the nephron loop is made of:

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

54
Q

is the thick limb of the nephron loop permeable to water?

A

nope (reabsorbs Na+ and Cl-)

55
Q

what are the functions of the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • variable reabsorption of ions and electrolytes
  • allow excretion of acids, toxins, and urea
  • regulates blood flow to keep filtrate constant despite the individual’s blood pressure
56
Q

sodium reabsoption is regulated by:

A

aldosterone

57
Q

the distal convoluted tubule is made of:

A

simple cuboidal epithelium (until the macula densa where cells are more columnar)

58
Q

where are juxtaglomerular cells located?

A

outside the glomerulus; between the afferent and efferent arterioles and the macula densa

59
Q

what are the functions of juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A
  • secretes renin (increases blood pressure)
  • constricts smooth muscle in efferent and afferent arterioles
  • increased blood pressure in the glomerulus = increased filtration rate
60
Q

the juxtaglomerular apparatus is a feedback mechanism which regulates ______ and keeps ______ constant

A

blood pressure, rate of filtration

61
Q

what is the function of the macula densa?

A

monitors electrolyte concentration

62
Q

what is the function of the collecting tubules and ducts?

A

variable reabsorption of water and ions

63
Q

the collecting tubules and ducts is made of:

A

simple cuboidal epithelium to columnar

64
Q

posterior pituitary hormone which is released when dehydrated and makes the collecting ducts more permeable to water (concentrates filtrate by activating aquaporins)

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

65
Q

what is the function of the papillary duct?

A

delivery of urine to the minor calyces

66
Q

the papillary duct is made of:

A

simple columnar epithelium

67
Q

what is the effect of low ADH secretion on the urine?

A

there is a large volume of dilute urine

68
Q

what is the effect of high ADH secretion on the urine?

A

there is a small volume of concentrated urine

69
Q

the part of the urinary tract which transports urine

A

ureter

70
Q

the part of the urinary tract which eliminates urine

A

urethra

71
Q

the part of the urinary tract which stores urine

A

The urinary bladder

72
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the urinary tract?

A

transitional epithelium (review lecture 2)

73
Q

are the ureters intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal

74
Q
  • made of ‘stretchy’ transitional epithelium
  • impermeable
  • lots of immune cells present
  • contains lots of smooth muscle
    these are all characteristics of:
A

ureters

75
Q

smooth muscle in the ureters moves urine by:

A

peristalsis

76
Q

the ureters enter the urinary bladder via the:

A

uretic orfices (posteriorly)

77
Q

what are the points where kidney stones get stuck?

A

the points of ureteric constriction

78
Q

list the three sites of ureteric constriction

A

1) ureteropelvic junction: exiting the kidney and crossing the renal fascia (T10-L1)
2) crossing of the common iliac vessels at the pelvic brims (T11-L2)
3) ureterovesical junction: entering the urinary bladder posteriorly (L1-L2)

79
Q

where is the reffered pain for the urinary system felt?

A

T10-L2 (loin to groin)

80
Q

like the stomach, the interior of the urinary bladder is lined with:

A

rugae

81
Q

the urinary bladder is made primarily of:

A

detrusor muscle (thick smooth muscle)

82
Q

what is the trigone muscle?

A

a very smooth muscle (no folds/rugae) which lies between the ureteric openings and the urethra

83
Q

how many urethral sphincters are there and what are their names?

A

2; the internal urethral sphincter and the external urethral sphincter

84
Q

which urethral sphincter is under voluntary control?

A

the external urethral sphincter

85
Q

name the 4 main layers of the urinary bladder

A
  • mucosa (transitional epithelium and lamina proporia)
  • submucosa
  • detrusor muscle
  • serosa (parietal peritoneum)
86
Q

the lamina proporia of the urinary bladder contains lots of:

A

immune cells

87
Q

how many layers of smooth muscle are in the detrusor muscle?

A

three

88
Q

the transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder allows for a:

A

change in shape

89
Q

which spinal nerves provide sympathetic innervation to the urinary bladder?

A

T10-L1

90
Q

what is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder?

A
  • stimulates contraction of the internal urethral sphincter
  • inhibits detrusor muscle contraction
  • prevents voiding
91
Q

which spinal nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the urinary bladder?

A

S2-S4

92
Q

what is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder?

A
  • relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter
  • stimulates detrusor contraction
  • voids bladder
93
Q

which nerves provide somatic innervation to the urinary bladder?

A

pudenal nerve from lumbosacral plexus

94
Q

what is the effect of somatic motor control on the urinary bladder?

A

control of the external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)

95
Q

what 3 parts of the urethra are present in biological males that are not present in biological females?

A
  • prostatic urethra
  • membranous urethra
  • penile (spongy) urethra
96
Q

how long is the urethra in biological males?

A

~18-20cm

97
Q

how long is the urethra in biological females?

A

~3-5cm

ANAT 200 (24 decks)

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